​

2022: A survey of Parkinson’s patients finds that they use cannabis to help with improvements to motor function, sleep & pain

Cannabis use in Parkinson's disease-A nationwide online survey study

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35178701/

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2022: In humans using medical cannabis, six months of use increased the coherence of their white matter while CBD reduced their mean diffusivity (higher water content in their brain, neuroprotective against demyelination diseases like Parkinson’s)

Increased White Matter Coherence Following Three and Six Months of Medical Cannabis Treatment
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36367574

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2022: In patients with Parkinson’s disease using transcranial magnetic stimulation, the decrease in neuroinflammation seems to be mediated by increasing the level of CB2 receptors as well as increased levels of anandamide & 2-AG
High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Regulates Astrocyte Activation by Modulating the Endocannabinoid System in Parkinson's Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35672602

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2022: In Parkinson’s patients, an eye-tracking study found that nabilone (a pharmaceutical THC analog) did not cause any negative effects on cognition
Eye Tracking in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Treated with Nabilone-Results of a Phase II, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Pilot Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625047

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2022: In Parkinson’s patients, nabilone (a pharmaceutical THC analog) had beneficial effects on sleep outcomes
Effects of nabilone on sleep outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease: a post-hoc analysis of NMS-Nab study
https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mdc3.13471

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2022: In patients with Parkinson’s disease, brain scans showed lower levels of CB1 receptors in several brain regions – and the medication that they used helped to increase CB1 receptors towards normal levels
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 in Parkinson's Disease: A Positron Emission Tomography Study with [ 18 F]FMPEP-d 2
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35674270

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2022: In a rat model of tardive dyskinesia (repetitive movement of facial muscles), CBD helped the standard treatment of haloperidol to work better
The effects of cannabidiol on behavioural and oxidative stress parameters induced by prolonged haloperidol administration
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36328984

 

2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, CBD improved cognitive dysfunction & increased locomotion, decreased neuroinflammation & protected the dopamine producing neurons
Cannabidiol Alleviates the Damage to Dopaminergic Neurons in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice Via Regulating Neuronal Apoptosis and Neuroinflammation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35792194

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s, CBD significantly improved motor deficits & protected the midbrain via the gut-brain axis
Effects of Cannabidiol on Parkinson's Disease in a Transgenic Mouse Model by Gut-Brain Metabolic Analysis

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35360659/

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2022: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, injection of CBD into the brain improved their fine motor skills via the GPR55 receptor & GABA
Intrapallidal injection of cannabidiol or a selective GPR55 antagonist decreases motor asymmetry and improves fine motor skills in hemiparkinsonian rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36120297

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2022: In a roundworm model of Parkinson’s, CBD protected the neurons that produce dopamine, decreased their food-sensing disabilities, reduced oxidation & increased their lifespan
Neuroprotective effects of cannabidiol on dopaminergic neurodegeneration and α-synuclein accumulation in C. elegans models of Parkinson's disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36108815

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2022: In a roundworm model of Parkinson’s disease, CBDV lowered the aggregation of the α-synuclein plaques as well as oxidative stress & the death of dopamine producing neurons
Cannabidivarin alleviates α-synuclein aggregation via DAF-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36583706/

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2022: In α-synucleinopathy (the buildup of α-synuclein in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s & dementia with Lewy bodies), the CB2 receptor is critical for the necessary synaptic pruning by the microglia (guardian cells of the brain)
Loss of cannabinoid receptor 2 promotes α-Synuclein-induced microglial synaptic pruning in nucleus accumbens by modulating the pCREB-c-Fos signaling pathway and complement system
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36162511

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, activating the CB2 receptor reduced their anxious & depressive behaviors & improved motor deficits
CB2 Agonist GW842166x Protected against 6-OHDA-Induced Anxiogenic- and Depressive-Related Behaviors in Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892676

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s, not having enough DAGLB (the enzyme that creates the endocannabinoid 2-AG) caused impaired locomotor skill learning & worse disease progression, suggesting increased 2-AG as a treatment
Deficiency in endocannabinoid synthase DAGLB contributes to early onset Parkinsonism and murine nigral dopaminergic neuron dysfunction
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35715418

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2022: A protein analysis of pathways finds that endocannabinoids are involved in the dysregulation produced by Parkinson’s disease
Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Analysis of Human Substantia Nigra From Parkinson's Disease Patients Identifies Multiple Pathways Potentially Involved in the Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36423813

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, activating the CB2 receptor reduced their anxious & depressive behaviors & improved motor deficits
CB2 Agonist GW842166x Protected against 6-OHDA-Induced Anxiogenic- and Depressive-Related Behaviors in Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892676

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2022: In a rat model of Parkinson’s, this research looks at how the endocannabinoidome is altered by the α-synuclein of the disease

Time-Course of Alterations in the Endocannabinoid System after Viral-Mediated Overexpression of α-Synuclein in the Rat Brain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056822/

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, an activator of the CB2 receptor is neuroprotective

The Neuroprotective Effects of the CB2 Agonist GW842166x in the 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34944056/

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2022: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, a combination of a CB1 blocker along with the standard treatment of L-DOPA helped to protect the dopamine neurons as well as alleviating motor symptoms

L-DOPA/Capsazepine or L-DOPA/Rimonabant Co-Administration in an Experimental Parkinson Disease Model: Behavioral and Cellular Consequences

https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V5/article/view/5580

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, targeting the NAAA enzyme (which breaks down PEA) protects from dopamine neuron loss & parkinsonian symptoms

Targeting NAAA counters dopamine neuron loss and symptom progression in mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479850v1.full.pdf

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2022: In patients with Parkinson’s disease, they reported using more CBD products via oral administration for sleep, pain & mood

Higher Risk, Higher Reward? Self-Reported Effects of Real-World Cannabis Use in Parkinson's Disease

https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mdc3.13414

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2022: In an animal model of Parkinson’s disease, treatment with CBD caused less neural degeneration, less neuroinflammation & an improvement in motor performance

Neuroprotective and Symptomatic Effects of Cannabidiol in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445626/

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2022: The Michael J Fox Foundation released the results of a survey on the use of cannabinoid products for Parkinson’s disease & they reported using more CBD products

Higher risk, higher reward? Self-reported effects of real-world cannabis use in Parkinson's disease

https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mdc3.13414

https://www.michaeljfox.org/news/mjff-survey-results-people-parkinsons-share-experiences-cannabis

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2021: A review of patient charts suggest benefits for Parkinson’s disease & Lewy body dementia from the use of CBD or CBD/CBG extracts

Standardized extracts enriched in cannabidiol and cannabigerol: Real-world experience of cases series of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Flavio-Henrique-Costa/publication/355440483_Standardized_extracts_enriched_in_cannabidiol_and_cannabigerol_Real-world_experience_of_cases_series_of_Parkinson's_disease_and_dementia_with_Lewy_bodies/links/6170a5a0c10b387664c87790/Standardized-extracts-enriched-in-cannabidiol-and-cannabigerol-Real-world-experience-of-cases-series-of-Parkinsons-disease-and-dementia-with-Lewy-bodies.pdf

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2021: In this case study of a man with Parkinson’s disease (which is treated by drugs that raise dopamine levels), his secret ingestion of cannabis led to intense visual hallucinations & worsening tremors

Cannabis Dopaminergic Effects Induce Hallucinations in a Patient with Parkinson’s Disease

https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/10/1107

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2021: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, the combination of exercise & a FAAH inhibitor (a function of CBD) had a positive effect on all parameters measured

The effect of URB597, exercise or their combination on the performance of 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson disease in the elevated plus maze, tail suspension test and step-down task

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34599739/

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2021: In an animal model of Parkinson’s disease, CBD acted as both a neuroprotective as well an agent to treat the symptoms

Neuroprotective and Symptomatic Effects of Cannabidiol in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445626/

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2021: A survey from the Michael J Fox Foundation confirms that patients with Parkinson's often turn to cannabis

https://www.michaeljfox.org/news/fox-insight-survey-sheds-light-cannabis-use-and-parkinsons

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2021: In a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease, THC protected the dopamine producing neurons by antioxidant effects, decreasing cell death & protecting the mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)
Neuroprotective Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol against FeSO4- and H2O2-Induced Cell Damage on Dopaminergic Neurons in Primary Mesencephalic Cell Culture
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/a-1516-4182

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2021: In a rat model of Parkinson’s, cannabis improved their motor control via an increase in synaptic plasticity
Marijuana improved motor impairments and changes in synaptic plasticity-related molecules in the striatum in 6-OHDA-treated rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33961911

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2021: In mice, the brain’s medium spiny neurons – which contain the highest levels of CB1 receptors in the CNS – control exploration & motor coordination partially via the ECS

Control of exploration, motor coordination and amphetamine sensitization by cannabinoid CB 1 receptors expressed in medium spiny neurons

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34216157/

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2021: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, CBD helped with their musculoskeletal pain

Cannabidiol has therapeutic potential for myofascial pain in female and male parkinsonian rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246682/

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2021: In rats, they found that the endocannabinoid system plays a major role in the globus pallidus (a brain region important for movement)

In vivo bidirectional modulation of cannabinoid on the activity of globus pallidus in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34129911/

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2021: In mice with a movement disorder, CBD helped to alleviate the facial tics from the treatment drug haloperidol as well as lowering proinflammatory cytokines in the striatum & hippocampus of the brain via the PPARγ nuclear receptors

PPARγ receptors are involved in the effects of cannabidiol on orofacial dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction induced by typical antipsychotic in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34048863/

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2021: In a neural model of Parkinson's, CBD acts as a protector of neurons, especially from the dysfunctions of the mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell)

Cannabidiol Induces Autophagy to Protects Neural Cells From Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Upregulating SIRT1 to Inhibits NF-κB and NOTCH Pathways

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.654340/full

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2021: In a cellular model of Parkinson's disease, activation of the CB1 receptor lowered stress & inflammation

Cannabinoid receptor-1 has an effect on CD200 under rotenone and alpha-synuclein induced stress

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030439402100286X

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2021: In humans, CBD well-tolerated by patients with Parkinson disease

Tolerability and Efficacy of Cannabidiol on Motor Symptoms in Parkinson Disease: Interim Report on Tolerability

https://n.neurology.org/content/96/15_Supplement/1592.abstract

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2021: In humans with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD - a common symptom of Parkinson's), CBD helped with sleep satisfaction but not to lessen manifestations of RBD

Cannabidiol for Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33754375/

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2021: In rats, the protection of paracetamol against Parkinson's disease may be mediated by the endocannabinoid system

Mechanistic insights into the protective effect of paracetamol against rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease in rats: Possible role of endocannabinoid system modulation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567576921000679

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2021: In humans with Parkinson's, isolated CBD decreased symptoms in half those treated (15 participants in an open label, dose escalation study)

Safety and Tolerability of Cannabidiol in Parkinson Disease: An Open Label, Dose-Escalation Study

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33381646/

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2021: In neurons, the loss of dopamine harms the ability of the CB1 receptors to operate (perhaps explaining some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease)

Dopaminergic denervation impairs cortical motor and associative/limbic information processing through the basal ganglia and its modulation by the CB1 receptor

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33278598/

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2020: This survey of Parkinson's patients finds that they find cannabis helpful

Cannabis in Parkinson’s Disease: The Patients’ View

https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd202260

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2020: In patients with Parkinson’s disease, nabilone (a synthetic pharmaceutical THC derivative) helped with anxiety & sleep problems
Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease are Reduced by Nabilone
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32757413

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2020: In a mouse model of tardive dyskinesia, CBD prevented microglial activation & prevented neuroinflammation via PPARγ

Cannabidiol prevents haloperidol-induced vacuos chewing movements and inflammatory changes in mice via PPARγ receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30217539/

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2020: In humans with Parkinson’s disease, nabilone (synthetic THC) helped with anxiety & sleep (47 participants in a phase II placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, enriched enrollment randomized withdrawal trial)

Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease are Reduced by Nabilone

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32757413/

 

2020: In the brains of monkeys with induced parkinsonism, complexes of CB1+GPR55 and CB2+GPR55 appear to be targets for treating Parkinson's

Expression of GPR55 and either cannabinoid CB 1 or CB 2 heteroreceptor complexes in the caudate, putamen, and accumbens nuclei of control, parkinsonian, and dyskinetic non-human primates

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32691218/

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2020: In mice with Parkinson's, THCV helped with the dyskinesia resulting from L-DOPA treatment

Beneficial effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ 9-THCV in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32387338/

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2020: In a cellular model of Parkinson's disease, CBD caused a wide array of positive effects via the AKT/mTOR pathway

Cannabidiol exerts protective effects in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease activating AKT/mTOR pathway

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32184097

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2020: In a study of humans with Parkinson's, high levels of isolated CBD (Epidiolex) helped with their symptoms, caused no serious side effects but did elevate the liver enzymes

Safety and Tolerability of Cannabidiol in Parkinson Disease: An Open Label, Dose-Escalation Study

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2019.0068

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2020: In a double-blind study of humans with Parkinson’s, 300 mg of CBD decreased anxiety and tremors during a simulation of public speaking

Effects of acute cannabidiol administration on anxiety and tremors induced by a Simulated Public Speaking Test in patients with Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31909680

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2019: In an animal model of Parkinson's, CBD increases the pain threshold

Cannabidiol increases the nociceptive threshold in a preclinical model of Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31706993/

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2019: In a mouse model of dyskinesia, activation of the CB2 receptor may reduce symptoms

Targeting the cannabinoid receptor CB2 in a mouse model of l-dopa induced dyskinesia

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31669673

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2018: In postmortem human brains, CB1, CB2 & MAGL found to be closely related to the neuropathological processes of PD

Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 Receptors, and Monoacylglycerol Lipase Gene Expression Alterations in the Basal Ganglia of Patients with Parkinson's Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29352424/

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2016: In rats, CBD prevented the impairments of reserpine (used for high blood pressure & psychotic symptoms)

Cannabidiol Prevents Motor and Cognitive Impairments Induced by Reserpine in Rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733830

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2015: In humans with Parkinson’s disease, CB2 levels are elevated “in microglial cells recruited and activated at lesioned sites in the substantia nigra”

Potential of the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor as a pharmacological target against inflammation in Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25863279/

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2015: In tissue culture, CBD protected against a model of Parkinson’s disease via several neuronal proteins

The neuroprotection of cannabidiol against MPP⁺-induced toxicity in PC12 cells involves trkA receptors, upregulation of axonal and synaptic proteins, neuritogenesis, and might be relevant to Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26556726/

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2015: A survey of cannabis use by Parkinson’s disease patients finds it effective

Self-reported efficacy of cannabis and other complementary medicine modalities by Parkinson's disease patients in Colorado

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25821504

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2014: In rat model of Parkinson’s disease, a CB1 antagonist and an adenosine antagonist worked to protect dopaminergic neuron cell death – but did worse when combined together

Neuroprotective potential of adenosine A2A and cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists in an animal model of Parkinson disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24709676/

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2014: In humans with Parkinson’s disease, CBD helped with quality of life with no significant downsides

Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease: an exploratory double-blind trial

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237116

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2014: In humans with Parkinson’s disease, CBD helped with sleep and to decrease REM sleep behavior disorder

Cannabidiol can improve complex sleep-related behaviours associated with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease patients: a case series

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845114

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2014: In humans with Parkinson’s disease, study finds cannabis helpful for sleep and pain (22 patients in open-label observational study)

Cannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease: an open-label observational study

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24614667

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2013: In rats, CBD influenced vertical motor activity – probably via serotonin

Motor effects of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol that are mediated by 5-HT1A receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23924692/

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2013: In mice, CBD attenuates drug-induced catalepsy from Parkinsons's treatment via serotonin

Cannabidiol attenuates catalepsy induced by distinct pharmacological mechanisms via 5-HT1A receptor activation in mice

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23791616

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2012: In cell culture, THC causes direct neuroprotective effect against PD – may be mediated via PPARγ

Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) exerts a direct neuroprotective effect in a human cell culture model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236282

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2011: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, THCV neuroprotective and symptom relieving

Symptom-relieving and neuroprotective effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ9-THCV in animal models of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21323909

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2011: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, MAGL inhibition to combat neuroinflammation

Endocannabinoid hydrolysis generates brain prostaglandins that promote neuroinflammation

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021672

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2010: In rats, blockade of CB1 suggested for early disease symptoms of PD

Effects of SR141716A on Cognitive and Depression-Related Behavior in an Animal Model of Premotor Parkinson's Disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957172/

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2009: In an open human trial, a flexible oral dose of CBD (from 150 mg to 400 mg per day) showed less psychotic symptoms, no negative effect on cognitive and motor skills and no serious side effects

Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18801821

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2009: In rats, Rimonabant improved PD by itself and in addition to regular therapy

The CB(1) antagonist rimonabant is adjunctively therapeutic as well as monotherapeutic in an animal model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414037

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2009: In rats, a cannabinoid agonist helps with dyskinesia via changes in dopamine and glutamate

Neurochemical changes in the striatum of dyskinetic rats after administration of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19010365

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2009: In rats, CB2 agonism suggested to slow progress of Parkinson’s disease

WIN55,212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, protects against nigrostriatal cell loss in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19490092

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2008: In rat model of Parkinson’s disease, activating 5HT1A (as CBD does) reduces dopamine D1 dyskinesia

Striatal 5-HT1A receptor stimulation reduces D1 receptor-induced dyskinesia and improves movement in the hemiparkinsonian rat

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18824001

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2008: In flies, a CB1/CB2 agonist protects against paraquat neurotoxicity and its antioxidant properties suggest cannabinoids for Parkinson’s disease

The cannabinoid CP55,940 prolongs survival and improves locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster against paraquat: implications in Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18538428

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2007: In an animal model of Parkinson’s disease, the ECS helps to rescue motor skills & striatal long-term depression

Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17287809/

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2007: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, tested an array of cannabinoids and found their help was independent of CB1 & CB2 receptors – but CB2 activation may also be helpful – upregulated the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase antioxidant machinery

Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: importance of antioxidant and cannabinoid receptor-independent properties

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17196181/

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2007: In primates, CB1 antagonists seem to levodopa work better for Parkinson’s disease

Blockade of cannabinoid type 1 receptors augments the antiparkinsonian action of levodopa without affecting dyskinesias in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated rhesus monkeys

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630359

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2007: In rats, on how CB1 & TRPV1 interact with levodopa for Parkinson’s disease

Anti-dyskinetic effects of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: role of CB(1) and TRPV1 receptors

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17900568

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2006: In rats, Rimonabant seems effective for Parkinson’s disease at low doses but effect not related to dopaminergic, GABAergic, or glutamatergic transmission in the striatum

Effects of rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, in a rat model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412990

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2005: In a tissue & animal model of Parkinson’s disease, the neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids

Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo and in vitro: relevance to Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837565

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2005: In humans with untreated Parkinson’s disease, high endocannabinoid levels found in their cerebrospinal fluid

High endogenous cannabinoid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of untreated Parkinson's disease patients

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15852389

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2005: In rats, CB1 antagonists seem to only be effective in late stage Parkinson’s disease

Cannabinoid CB1 antagonists possess antiparkinsonian efficacy only in rats with very severe nigral lesion in experimental parkinsonism

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15755685

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2005: In primates, the potential roles of CB1 and the endocannabinoids for Parkinson’s disease

A role for endocannabinoids in the generation of parkinsonism and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in MPTP-lesioned non-human primate models of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15894565

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2004: “Anonymous questionnaire sent to all patients attending the Prague Movement Disorder Centre revealed that 25% of 339 respondents had taken cannabis and 45.9% of these described some form of benefit”

Survey on cannabis use in Parkinson's disease: subjective improvement of motor symptoms

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15372606

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2004: In humans, clinical trial of cannabis saw no help for symptoms in dyskinesias or parkinsonism

Cannabis for dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: a randomized double-blind crossover study

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15477546

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2004: In humans, antagonism of neuropeptide receptors was well tolerated but did not improve parkinsonian motor disability

Neurokinin B, neurotensin, and cannabinoid receptor antagonists and Parkinson disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15190231

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2004: In a case study, THC helped with musician’s dystonia

Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol improves motor control in a patient with musician's dystonia

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15300675/

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2002: In primates, cannabinoid receptor agonists reduces the dyskinesia of levodopa

Stimulation of cannabinoid receptors reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12465055

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2002: In humans, nabilone (THC) showed no significant reduction in dystonia (double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study)

Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the potential of cannabinoid receptor stimulation in the treatment of dystonia

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11835452/

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2002: In a hamster model of dyskinesia, WIN 55,212-2 helped but seemingly not by the CB1 receptor

Effects of pharmacological manipulations of cannabinoid receptors on severity of dystonia in a genetic model of paroxysmal dyskinesia

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12421641/

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2001: In humans, CB1 agonist “significantly reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesia in PD”

Cannabinoids reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739835

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1998: In rats, the effects of cannabinoids in the basal ganglia

Cannabinoid effects in basal ganglia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654336/

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1990: In humans, letter on the history of cannabis for Parkinson’s disease tremors and 5 case studies

Marijuana for parkinsonian tremor

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC488064/

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1986: In a clinical study humans with dystonia, CBD caused all 5 of them to see improvements

Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3793381/

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