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2025: In a rat model of Parkinson's, both CBD pre-administration & CBD treatment reduced motor alterations & lessened catalepsy

Preventive Beneficial Effects of Cannabidiol in a Reserpine-Induced Progressive Model of Parkinsonism

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1539783/abstract

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2025: In a mouse model of Parkinson's, the terpene beta-caryophyllene reduced blood-brain permeability & loss of dopamine-producing neurons via the CB2 receptor

Beta-Caryophyllene Inhibits the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier in MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40054982/

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2025: In a mouse model of Parkinson's, exercise training improved their motor performance & learning skills via expression levels of the CB1 receptor

The Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Mediates Exercise-Induced Improvements of Motor Skill Learning and Performance in Parkinsonian Mouse

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014488625001530

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2025: In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, activation of the CB2 receptor not only decreased inflammation but also formed receptor heteromers (joined receptor units) with NMDA glutamate receptors to lessen their detrimental increased signaling

The interplay between CB2 and NMDA receptors in Parkinson’s disease

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633878v1.full.pdf

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2025: In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, activation of the CB2 receptor was necessary for the neuroprotective effects (though not on the peripheral immune cells)

Activation of central cannabinoid type 2 receptors, but not on peripheral immune cells, is required for endocannabinoid-mediated neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40320016/

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2024: In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, CBD improved symptoms and helped newborn neurons

Cannabidiol improves nonmotor symptoms, attenuates neuroinflammation and favors hippocampal newborn neuronal maturation in a rat model of Parkinsonism

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38770713/

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2024: In a rat model of dyskinesia from the levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease, cannabinoids reduced the calcium dyshomeostasis & led to a partial recovery

Cannabinoid regulation of angiotensin II-induced calcium signaling in striatal neurons

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-024-00827-7

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2024: In a rat model of diabetic Parkinson's disease, CBD nanoparticles lessened metabolic & memory impairments via the modulation of dopamine levels & changes to the hippocampus (memory center of the brain)

Assessing the Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy of Cannabidiol Lipid Nanoparticles in Alleviating Metabolic and Memory Impairments and Hippocampal Histopathological Changes in Diabetic Parkinson's Rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38675175/

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2024: In a model of Parkinson's disease, the terpene beta-caryophyllene decreased neuroinflammation & caused neuroprotection of the dopamine-producing neurons

β-Caryophyllene decreases neuroinflammation and exerts neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons in a model of hemiparkinsonism through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome

https://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020(24)00834-4/abstract

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2024: In a tissue model of Parkinson's disease, the terpenes linalool & geraniol protected the neurons from oxidative stress & inflammation as well as from increased levels of iron

Linalool and Geraniol Defend Neurons from Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Iron Accumulation in In Vitro Parkinson’s Models

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382694687_Linalool_and_Geraniol_Defend_Neurons_from_Oxidative_Stress_Inflammation_and_Iron_Accumulation_in_In_Vitro_Parkinson%27s_Models

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2024: In a mouse model of Parkinson's, the phenylpropionamides of cannabis seeds improved behavioral symptoms, probably via the regulation of autophagy (cellular recycling)

Protective effect of phenylpropionamides in the seed of Cannabis Sativa L. on Parkinson's disease through autophagy

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38458497/

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2024: In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, hemp seed peptides reduced neural protein aggregates & lowered inflammatory gene expression

Immunomodulatory properties of hempseed oligopeptides in an LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease animal model

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39435853/

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2024: In a mouse model of the dyskinesia from the Parkinson's treatment drug L-DOPA, a CBD derivative combined with a drug to activate the CB2 receptor (HU-910) decreased their dyskinesia & normalized their glutamate

4'-fluorocannabidiol associated with capsazepine restrains L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice: Contribution of anti-inflammatory and anti-glutamatergic mechanisms

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38554815/

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2024: In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, the CBG derivative VCE-003.2 improved performance in motor tests, preserved neurons & reduced reactive microgliosis & astrogliosis (abnormally strong reactions from the microglia & astrocytes respectively)

Investigation in the cannabigerol derivative VCE-003.2 as a disease-modifying agent in a mouse model of experimental synucleinopathy

https://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12993-024-00256-9

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2024: In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, the synthetic cannabinoid JWH133 (which activates CB2) improved their behaviors & protected dopamine-producing neurons

JWH133 attenuates behavior deficits and iron accumulation in 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease model rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39015077/

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2024: In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, activating the CB2 receptor delayed immune cell infiltration into the brain, decreased pro-inflammatory white blood cells & elevated wound healing white blood cells & wound-healing gene expression

Modulation of cannabinoid receptor 2 alters neuroinflammation and reduces formation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in a rat model of nigral synucleinopathy

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39334169/

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2024: In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, they had fewer complexes of CB1 receptors joined to NMDA receptors (glutamate, the brain’s most common excitatory neurotransmitter)

The Expression and Functionality of CB1R-NMDAR Complexes Are Decreased in A Parkinson's Disease Model

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38474266/

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2024: For Parkinson's disease, the treatment effects of the drugs xanthine or hypoxanthine may be mediated by the endocannabinoid system via GABA

Xanthine or hypoxanthine or both may play therapeutical effect in Parkinson's disease through the endocannabinoid system

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030698772300227X

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2024: For Parkinson's disease, a thesis project on using roundworms as a model to determine the effectiveness of CBD as a treatment

Cannabinoids and Neurodegeneration: Using C. elegans as a Model System to Determine the Effectiveness of CBD as a Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease

https://digital.wpi.edu/concern/student_works/z603r2859?locale=fr

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2023: In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, chronic cannabis administration decreased CB1 levels, increased CB2 levels & may be helpful for learning & memory disorders via the dopamine & cannabinoid receptors

The Effects of Chronic Marijuana Administration on 6-OHDA-Induced Learning & Memory Impairment and Hippocampal Dopamine and Cannabinoid Receptors Interaction in Male Rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36894794/

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2023: In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, CBD & CBG - whether given separately or together - decreased L-DOPA medication’s dyskinesia (involuntary erratic movements caused by high dopamine levels)

CANNABIDIOL AND CANNABIGEROL LIMIT L-DOPA-INDUCED DYSKINESIA WHEN GIVEN SEPARATELY OR IN COMBINATION TO HEMIPARKINSONIAN RATS

https://www.ibroneuroreports.org/article/S2667-2421(23)00737-6/fulltext

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2023: In a fish model of Parkinson’s disease, CBD almost completely reversed the motor dysfunction via dopamine receptors & did so better than a common treatment drug

Cannabidiol improves haloperidol-induced motor dysfunction in zebrafish: a comparative study with a dopamine activating drug

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36871008/

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2023: In a roundworm model of Parkinson's disease, CBD rescued damage to the dopamine producing neurons

Cannabidiol Recovers Dopaminergic Neuronal Damage Induced by Reserpine or α-synuclein in Caenorhabditis elegans

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36964823/

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2023: In a tissue model of Parkinson's disease, CBN caused changes to gene expression that helped to protect the mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)

Transcriptome Highlights Cannabinol Modulation of Mitophagy in a Parkinson's Disease In Vitro Model

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37627228/

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2023: A thesis project on the neuroprotective effects of cannabis extracts in a model of Parkinson's disease

In vivo Neuroprotective Effects of Cannabis sativa in Models of Parkinson’s Disease

https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ohiou1691240188594231

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2023: In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, a CBG derivative improved their neurological status & preserved neurons

The Cannabigerol Derivative VCE-003.2 Exerts Therapeutic Effects in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Lesioned Mice: Comparison with The Classic Dopaminergic Replacement Therapy

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37759872/

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2023: In an animal model of Parkinson's disease, the terpene beta caryophyllene decreased neuroinflammation & protected the dopamine neurons via inhibition of the inflammasome

β-Caryophyllene decreases neuroinflammation and exerts neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons in a model of hemiparkinsonism through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37924806/

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2023: In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, exercise on a treadmill increased CB1 levels in the hippocampus & substantia nigra with a suggested beneficial effect on pain

Treadmill exercise modulates nigral and hippocampal cannabinoid receptor type 1 in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37268248/

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2023: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, activating the CB2 receptor lowered the inflammation & dopamine neuron loss via the PI3K/Akt pathway

Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in mice

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377069512_Activation_of_cannabinoid_receptor_2_inhibits_LPS-induced_neuroinflammation_via_PI3KAkt_signaling_pathway_in_mice

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2023: In a mouse model of Parkinson's, targeting the CB2 receptors of the astrocytes protected motor abilities, lowered neuroinflammation & lessened disease characteristics via the NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β pathway & inhibition of foxg1 binding to MAP1LC3B

Targeting CB2R in astrocytes for Parkinson's disease therapy: unraveling the Foxg1-mediated neuroprotective mechanism through autophagy-mediated NLRP3 degradation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38110963/

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2023: In microglial cells (guardian immune cells of the brain) that model Parkinson's disease, activation of the CB2 receptor inhibited their inflammatory state

Cannabinoid type 2 receptor activation inhibits MPP+-induced M1 differentiation of microglia through activating PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signal pathway

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36977807/

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2023: A machine learning analysis of available drugs suggests the use of THC for Parkinson's disease

Machine learning study: from the toxicity studies to tetrahydrocannabinol effects on Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36942739/

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2023: On designing Parkinson's disease drugs based on cannabinoids

Design of Cannabinoid-Based Drugs for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-46545-1_22

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2022: In a rat model of tardive dyskinesia (repetitive movement of facial muscles), CBD helped the standard treatment of haloperidol to work better
The effects of cannabidiol on behavioural and oxidative stress parameters induced by prolonged haloperidol administration
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36328984

 

2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, CBD improved cognitive dysfunction & increased locomotion, decreased neuroinflammation & protected the dopamine producing neurons
Cannabidiol Alleviates the Damage to Dopaminergic Neurons in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice Via Regulating Neuronal Apoptosis and Neuroinflammation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35792194

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s, CBD significantly improved motor deficits & protected the midbrain via the gut-brain axis
Effects of Cannabidiol on Parkinson's Disease in a Transgenic Mouse Model by Gut-Brain Metabolic Analysis

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35360659/

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2022: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, injection of CBD into the brain improved their fine motor skills via the GPR55 receptor & GABA
Intrapallidal injection of cannabidiol or a selective GPR55 antagonist decreases motor asymmetry and improves fine motor skills in hemiparkinsonian rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36120297

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2022: In a roundworm model of Parkinson’s, CBD protected the neurons that produce dopamine, decreased their food-sensing disabilities, reduced oxidation & increased their lifespan
Neuroprotective effects of cannabidiol on dopaminergic neurodegeneration and α-synuclein accumulation in C. elegans models of Parkinson's disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36108815

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2022: In a roundworm model of Parkinson’s disease, CBDV lowered the aggregation of the α-synuclein plaques as well as oxidative stress & the death of dopamine producing neurons
Cannabidivarin alleviates α-synuclein aggregation via DAF-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36583706/

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2022: In α-synucleinopathy (the buildup of α-synuclein in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s & dementia with Lewy bodies), the CB2 receptor is critical for the necessary synaptic pruning by the microglia (guardian cells of the brain)
Loss of cannabinoid receptor 2 promotes α-Synuclein-induced microglial synaptic pruning in nucleus accumbens by modulating the pCREB-c-Fos signaling pathway and complement system
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36162511

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, activating the CB2 receptor reduced their anxious & depressive behaviors & improved motor deficits
CB2 Agonist GW842166x Protected against 6-OHDA-Induced Anxiogenic- and Depressive-Related Behaviors in Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892676

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s, not having enough DAGLB (the enzyme that creates the endocannabinoid 2-AG) caused impaired locomotor skill learning & worse disease progression, suggesting increased 2-AG as a treatment
Deficiency in endocannabinoid synthase DAGLB contributes to early onset Parkinsonism and murine nigral dopaminergic neuron dysfunction
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35715418

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2022: A protein analysis of pathways finds that endocannabinoids are involved in the dysregulation produced by Parkinson’s disease
Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Analysis of Human Substantia Nigra From Parkinson's Disease Patients Identifies Multiple Pathways Potentially Involved in the Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36423813

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, activating the CB2 receptor reduced their anxious & depressive behaviors & improved motor deficits
CB2 Agonist GW842166x Protected against 6-OHDA-Induced Anxiogenic- and Depressive-Related Behaviors in Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35892676

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2022: In a rat model of Parkinson’s, this research looks at how the endocannabinoidome is altered by the α-synuclein of the disease

Time-Course of Alterations in the Endocannabinoid System after Viral-Mediated Overexpression of α-Synuclein in the Rat Brain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056822/

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, an activator of the CB2 receptor is neuroprotective

The Neuroprotective Effects of the CB2 Agonist GW842166x in the 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34944056/

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2022: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, a combination of a CB1 blocker along with the standard treatment of L-DOPA helped to protect the dopamine neurons as well as alleviating motor symptoms

L-DOPA/Capsazepine or L-DOPA/Rimonabant Co-Administration in an Experimental Parkinson Disease Model: Behavioral and Cellular Consequences

https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V5/article/view/5580

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2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, targeting the NAAA enzyme (which breaks down PEA) protects from dopamine neuron loss & parkinsonian symptoms

Targeting NAAA counters dopamine neuron loss and symptom progression in mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479850v1.full.pdf​

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2022: In an animal model of Parkinson’s disease, treatment with CBD caused less neural degeneration, less neuroinflammation & an improvement in motor performance

Neuroprotective and Symptomatic Effects of Cannabidiol in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445626/​

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2021: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, the combination of exercise & a FAAH inhibitor (a function of CBD) had a positive effect on all parameters measured

The effect of URB597, exercise or their combination on the performance of 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson disease in the elevated plus maze, tail suspension test and step-down task

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34599739/

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2021: In an animal model of Parkinson’s disease, CBD acted as both a neuroprotective as well an agent to treat the symptoms

Neuroprotective and Symptomatic Effects of Cannabidiol in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445626/

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2021: In a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease, THC protected the dopamine producing neurons by antioxidant effects, decreasing cell death & protecting the mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)
Neuroprotective Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol against FeSO4- and H2O2-Induced Cell Damage on Dopaminergic Neurons in Primary Mesencephalic Cell Culture
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/a-1516-4182

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2021: In a rat model of Parkinson’s, cannabis improved their motor control via an increase in synaptic plasticity
Marijuana improved motor impairments and changes in synaptic plasticity-related molecules in the striatum in 6-OHDA-treated rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33961911

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2021: In mice, the brain’s medium spiny neurons – which contain the highest levels of CB1 receptors in the CNS – control exploration & motor coordination partially via the ECS

Control of exploration, motor coordination and amphetamine sensitization by cannabinoid CB 1 receptors expressed in medium spiny neurons

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34216157/

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2021: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, CBD helped with their musculoskeletal pain

Cannabidiol has therapeutic potential for myofascial pain in female and male parkinsonian rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246682/

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2021: In rats, they found that the endocannabinoid system plays a major role in the globus pallidus (a brain region important for movement)

In vivo bidirectional modulation of cannabinoid on the activity of globus pallidus in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34129911/

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2021: In mice with a movement disorder, CBD helped to alleviate the facial tics from the treatment drug haloperidol as well as lowering proinflammatory cytokines in the striatum & hippocampus of the brain via the PPARγ nuclear receptors

PPARγ receptors are involved in the effects of cannabidiol on orofacial dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction induced by typical antipsychotic in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34048863/

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2021: In a neural model of Parkinson's, CBD acts as a protector of neurons, especially from the dysfunctions of the mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell)

Cannabidiol Induces Autophagy to Protects Neural Cells From Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Upregulating SIRT1 to Inhibits NF-κB and NOTCH Pathways

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.654340/full

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2021: In a cellular model of Parkinson's disease, activation of the CB1 receptor lowered stress & inflammation

Cannabinoid receptor-1 has an effect on CD200 under rotenone and alpha-synuclein induced stress

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030439402100286X​

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2021: In rats, the protection of paracetamol against Parkinson's disease may be mediated by the endocannabinoid system

Mechanistic insights into the protective effect of paracetamol against rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease in rats: Possible role of endocannabinoid system modulation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567576921000679​

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2021: In neurons, the loss of dopamine harms the ability of the CB1 receptors to operate (perhaps explaining some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease)

Dopaminergic denervation impairs cortical motor and associative/limbic information processing through the basal ganglia and its modulation by the CB1 receptor

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33278598/

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2020: In a mouse model of tardive dyskinesia, CBD prevented microglial activation & prevented neuroinflammation via PPARγ

Cannabidiol prevents haloperidol-induced vacuos chewing movements and inflammatory changes in mice via PPARγ receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30217539/

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2020: In the brains of monkeys with induced parkinsonism, complexes of CB1+GPR55 and CB2+GPR55 appear to be targets for treating Parkinson's

Expression of GPR55 and either cannabinoid CB 1 or CB 2 heteroreceptor complexes in the caudate, putamen, and accumbens nuclei of control, parkinsonian, and dyskinetic non-human primates

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32691218/

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2020: In mice with Parkinson's, THCV helped with the dyskinesia resulting from L-DOPA treatment

Beneficial effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ 9-THCV in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32387338/

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2020: In a cellular model of Parkinson's disease, CBD caused a wide array of positive effects via the AKT/mTOR pathway

Cannabidiol exerts protective effects in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease activating AKT/mTOR pathway

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32184097

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2019: In an animal model of Parkinson's, CBD increases the pain threshold

Cannabidiol increases the nociceptive threshold in a preclinical model of Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31706993/

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2019: In a mouse model of dyskinesia, activation of the CB2 receptor may reduce symptoms

Targeting the cannabinoid receptor CB2 in a mouse model of l-dopa induced dyskinesia

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31669673

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2018: In postmortem human brains, CB1, CB2 & MAGL found to be closely related to the neuropathological processes of PD

Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 Receptors, and Monoacylglycerol Lipase Gene Expression Alterations in the Basal Ganglia of Patients with Parkinson's Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29352424/

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2016: In rats, CBD prevented the impairments of reserpine (used for high blood pressure & psychotic symptoms)

Cannabidiol Prevents Motor and Cognitive Impairments Induced by Reserpine in Rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733830​

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2015: In tissue culture, CBD protected against a model of Parkinson’s disease via several neuronal proteins

The neuroprotection of cannabidiol against MPP⁺-induced toxicity in PC12 cells involves trkA receptors, upregulation of axonal and synaptic proteins, neuritogenesis, and might be relevant to Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26556726/​

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2014: In rat model of Parkinson’s disease, a CB1 antagonist and an adenosine antagonist worked to protect dopaminergic neuron cell death – but did worse when combined together

Neuroprotective potential of adenosine A2A and cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists in an animal model of Parkinson disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24709676/

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2013: In rats, CBD influenced vertical motor activity – probably via serotonin

Motor effects of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol that are mediated by 5-HT1A receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23924692/

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2013: In mice, CBD attenuates drug-induced catalepsy from Parkinsons's treatment via serotonin

Cannabidiol attenuates catalepsy induced by distinct pharmacological mechanisms via 5-HT1A receptor activation in mice

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23791616

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2012: In cell culture, THC causes direct neuroprotective effect against PD – may be mediated via PPARγ

Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) exerts a direct neuroprotective effect in a human cell culture model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236282

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2011: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, THCV neuroprotective and symptom relieving

Symptom-relieving and neuroprotective effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ9-THCV in animal models of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21323909

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2011: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, MAGL inhibition to combat neuroinflammation

Endocannabinoid hydrolysis generates brain prostaglandins that promote neuroinflammation

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021672

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2010: In rats, blockade of CB1 suggested for early disease symptoms of PD

Effects of SR141716A on Cognitive and Depression-Related Behavior in an Animal Model of Premotor Parkinson's Disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957172/

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2009: In rats, Rimonabant improved PD by itself and in addition to regular therapy

The CB(1) antagonist rimonabant is adjunctively therapeutic as well as monotherapeutic in an animal model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414037

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2009: In rats, a cannabinoid agonist helps with dyskinesia via changes in dopamine and glutamate

Neurochemical changes in the striatum of dyskinetic rats after administration of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19010365

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2009: In rats, CB2 agonism suggested to slow progress of Parkinson’s disease

WIN55,212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, protects against nigrostriatal cell loss in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19490092

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2008: In rat model of Parkinson’s disease, activating 5HT1A (as CBD does) reduces dopamine D1 dyskinesia

Striatal 5-HT1A receptor stimulation reduces D1 receptor-induced dyskinesia and improves movement in the hemiparkinsonian rat

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18824001

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2008: In flies, a CB1/CB2 agonist protects against paraquat neurotoxicity and its antioxidant properties suggest cannabinoids for Parkinson’s disease

The cannabinoid CP55,940 prolongs survival and improves locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster against paraquat: implications in Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18538428

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2007: In an animal model of Parkinson’s disease, the ECS helps to rescue motor skills & striatal long-term depression

Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17287809/

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2007: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, tested an array of cannabinoids and found their help was independent of CB1 & CB2 receptors – but CB2 activation may also be helpful – upregulated the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase antioxidant machinery

Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: importance of antioxidant and cannabinoid receptor-independent properties

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17196181/

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2007: In primates, CB1 antagonists seem to levodopa work better for Parkinson’s disease

Blockade of cannabinoid type 1 receptors augments the antiparkinsonian action of levodopa without affecting dyskinesias in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated rhesus monkeys

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630359

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2007: In rats, on how CB1 & TRPV1 interact with levodopa for Parkinson’s disease

Anti-dyskinetic effects of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: role of CB(1) and TRPV1 receptors

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17900568

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2006: In rats, Rimonabant seems effective for Parkinson’s disease at low doses but effect not related to dopaminergic, GABAergic, or glutamatergic transmission in the striatum

Effects of rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, in a rat model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412990

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2005: In a tissue & animal model of Parkinson’s disease, the neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids

Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo and in vitro: relevance to Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837565​

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2005: In rats, CB1 antagonists seem to only be effective in late stage Parkinson’s disease

Cannabinoid CB1 antagonists possess antiparkinsonian efficacy only in rats with very severe nigral lesion in experimental parkinsonism

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15755685

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2005: In primates, the potential roles of CB1 and the endocannabinoids for Parkinson’s disease

A role for endocannabinoids in the generation of parkinsonism and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in MPTP-lesioned non-human primate models of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15894565​

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2002: In primates, cannabinoid receptor agonists reduces the dyskinesia of levodopa

Stimulation of cannabinoid receptors reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12465055

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​​2002: In a hamster model of dyskinesia, WIN 55,212-2 helped but seemingly not by the CB1 receptor

Effects of pharmacological manipulations of cannabinoid receptors on severity of dystonia in a genetic model of paroxysmal dyskinesia

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12421641/​

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1998: In rats, the effects of cannabinoids in the basal ganglia

Cannabinoid effects in basal ganglia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654336/

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