Digestive System
Guts, Metabolics & the Cannabinoids

Best reviews
2022: This review looks at the link between the gut microbiome & the endocannabinoidome, especially in companion animals
Mutual Links between the Endocannabinoidome and the Gut Microbiome, with Special Reference to Companion Animals: A Nutritional Viewpoint
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/3/348
2022: On targeting the ECS for obesity & metabolic disorders
The Endocannabinoid System, an Underexploited and Promising Niche for the Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/421/htm
2022: This review looks at targeting the enzymes of the ECS for treating obesity
Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH), Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL), and Diacylglycerol Lipase (DAGL) Enzymes as Targets for Obesity Treatment: A Narrative Review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34959715/
2021: This review looks at the possibility of the endocannabinoid system being the cause & the solution to food addiction
Obesity as a Condition Determined by Food Addiction: Should Brain Endocannabinoid System Alterations Be the Cause and Its Modulation the Solution?
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/10/1002
2021: This review looks at the endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus & how they relate to obesity
Hypothalamic endocannabinoids in obesity: an old story with new challenges
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34718828/
2021: This review looks at how the endocannabinoids regulate your metabolism, stress response & development
Lipid endocannabinoids in energy metabolism, stress and developmental programming
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34843899/
2021: This review looks at how the endocannabinoid system forms a bridge between Alzheimer’s disease & the gut microbiome
The Endocannabinoid System: A Bridge between Alzheimer’s Disease and Gut Microbiota
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/9/934
2021: This review looks at CBD, CBDA & the more stable methyl ester version of CBDA for nausea & vomiting
Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol, Cannabidiolic Acid, and Cannabidiolic Acid Methyl Ester as Treatments for Nausea and Vomiting
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115951/
2021: A review of the use of cannabinoids in dentistry with a special focus on CBD
The Current and Potential Application of Medicinal Cannabis Products in Dentistry
https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6767/9/9/106
2021: This review of clinical trials finds that CBD helps to decrease appetite
Approved cannabinoids for medical purposes - Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis for sleep and appetite
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34181977/
2021: This review looks at how the endocannabinoids regulate metabolism & energy homeostasis
Roles of Endocannabinoids and Endocannabinoid-like Molecules in Energy Homeostasis and Metabolic Regulation: A Nutritional Perspective
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115519/
2021: This review looks at how the ECS interacts with your fat tissue & how it regulates your metabolism
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Adipose Tissue with Focus on Energy Metabolism
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34064024/
2021: This review looks at how the endocannabinoid system affects our exercising: by rewarding us for exercising, by improving the gut-brain axis & by lowering inflammation
Neurobiological Processes Induced by Aerobic Exercise through the Endocannabinoidome
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/4/938/htm
2021: This review looks at how the endocannabinoids regulate the gut-brain connection for the control of our food intake
Endocannabinoids and the Gut-Brain Control of Food Intake and Obesity
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1214
2021: a review about fine-tuning your metabolic pathways via the endocannabinoid system
Functional Fine-Tuning of Metabolic Pathways by the Endocannabinoid System-Implications for Health and Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33915889/
2021: This review looks at how the ECS interacts with your fat tissue & how it regulates your metabolism
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Adipose Tissue with Focus on Energy Metabolism
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34064024/
2021: This review paper of type 2 diabetes & the endocannabinoid system suggests the endocannabinoids as targets for treatment
Insights into the Molecular Role of Endocannabinoids in Diabetes Mellitus
https://biointerfaceresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/20695837121.470485.pdf
2021: This meta-review looks at targeting the endocannabinoid system for treating the twin specters of diabetes & obesity
Targeting the endocannabinoid system in diabesity: fact or fiction?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33781949/
2021: A review on targeting the ECS for the neuropathic pain of diabetes
The endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: A review
https://www.jmau.org/preprintarticle.asp?id=316861;type=0
2021: This review looks at how the CB1 receptor in the body modulates inflammation in the guts & metabolic systems
Peripheral CB1R as a modulator of metabolic inflammation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33715173/
2021: DiMarzo looks at the two gigantic overlapping spheres of our gut microbiome & our endocannabinoidome
The gut microbiome, endocannabinoids and metabolic disorders
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33337346/
2021: A review of the endocannabinoid system in obesity
Understanding the possible role of endocannabinoid system in obesity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33249225/
2021: This review by Piomelli looks at the endocannabinoid system in our fat (aka the adipose organ)
The endocannabinoid system in the adipose organ
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33387286/
2021: This review looks at how CB1 regulates the genes related to food & eating
On the Role of Central Type-1 Cannabinoid Receptor Gene Regulation in Food Intake and Eating Behaviors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33401515/
2021: This review looks at how involved the ECS is in the regulation of energy & why it's a target for treating obesity
What Role Does the Endocannabinoid System Play in the Pathogenesis of Obesity?
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/2/373
2021: This review examines why it makes sense to modulate the endocannabinoid receptors for the regulation of metabolism & diabetes
Cannabinoid Receptors in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33595385/
2020: This review of CBD for obesity finds that "CBD has the promising potential as a therapeutic agent and might be effective in alleviating the symptoms of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome."
Phytocannabinoids: Useful Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity? Special Focus on Cannabidiol
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32194509
2020: This review looks at the history - and the future - of targeting the CB1 receptor to control obesity
Targeting the Endocannabinoid CB1 Receptor to Treat Body Weight Disorders: A Preclinical and Clinical Review of the Therapeutic Potential of Past and Present CB1 Drugs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7356944/
2020: A small review of using the cannabinoids to treat anorexia nervosa
Treatment studies with cannabinoids in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240516
2020: In humans living with HIV, how cannabis affects the gut, the microbiome & the gut-brain axis
Cannabis and the Gut–Brain Axis Communication in HIV Infection
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/can.2020.0037
2020: A good rundown of the ECS in the guts: how it was found & how involved it is
The Endocannabinoid System in the Gastrointestinal tract
https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/endocannabinoid-system-gastrointestinal-tract
2020: A nice review with great charts on targeting the ECS for metabolic syndrome
Plant-derived natural therapeutics targeting cannabinoid receptors in metabolic syndrome and its complications: A review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33113429/
2020: A review of how the ECS helps with metabolic syndrome & the related cardiovascular problems
Cannabinoids in Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiac Fibrosis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33089434/
2020: This meta-review looks at how the terpene β-Caryophyllene (usually the most predominant terpene in our products) can help with diabetes
Therapeutic Potential of β-Caryophyllene: A Dietary Cannabinoid in Diabetes and Associated Complications
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32998300/
2019: DiMarzo’s review of diabetes & the ECS
The Expanded Endocannabinoid System/Endocannabinoidome as a Potential Target for Treating Diabetes Mellitus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31686231
2019: Review of the effects of cannabinoids on GI motility
Cannabinoids and gastrointestinal motility: Pharmacology, clinical effects, and potential therapeutics in humans
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29745439/
2011: On targeting the ECS for eating disorders & addiction
The Endocannabinoid System as Pharmacological Target Derived from Its CNS Role in Energy Homeostasis and Reward. Applications in Eating Disorders and Addiction
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32143540/
2010: review of the ECS & nutrition by a leader in the field
The endocannabinoid system and its relevance for nutrition
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645854
2009: Kirkham on the ECS for the cravings and pleasure of food
Cannabinoids and appetite: Food craving and food pleasure
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19367510
2009: review of ECS and obesity in the abdomen
Role of the endocannabinoid system in abdominal obesity and the implications for cardiovascular risk
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641317
2008: motility of the gut is hugely important & this review looks at the animal and human data
Cannabinoids and gastrointestinal motility: animal and human studies
Chart Gallery

2020: Phytocannabinoids: Useful Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity? Special Focus on Cannabidiol

2019: Cannabidiol As A Novel Therapeutic Strategy For Oral Inflammatory Diseases: A Review Of Current Knowledge And Future Perspectives

2019: Cannabinoids: the lows and the highs of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

2020: Phytocannabinoids: Useful Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity? Special Focus on Cannabidiol
Timeline of Research
2022: In rats with nausea from THC, CBD lessened the effects via a serotonin receptor
Cannabidiol Interferes with Establishment of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Nausea Through a 5-HT 1A Mechanism
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998876/
2022: In an animal model of colitis, CBD reduced pain responses
NON-PSYCHOTROPIC PHYTOCANNABINOIDS ATTENUATE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS)-INDUCED COLITIS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8859311/
2022: In heart cells stressed by high levels of glucose (a model of diabetes), CBD protected them from arrythmia & cytotoxicity via inhibition of the sodium channels
Cannabidiol protects against high glucose-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32077098/
2022: In a mouse model of obesity, treatment with CBD & omega 3 (fish oil) improved the gut microbiome as well as reducing anxiety & memory impairment
High Fat Diet Alteration of Gut Microbiota Impacts Learning, Memory and Anxiety Response in Mice: Cannabidiol and Omega 3 Possible Remedies
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=115157
2022: In a rat model of obesity, CBD treatment protected their hearts via several measures
Cannabidiol Downregulates Myocardial de Novo Ceramide Synthesis Pathway in a Rat Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35216351/
2022: In a mouse model of obesity, PEA restored the plasticity of their white & brown fat cells, leptin sensitivity, tissue hormone sensitivity & rewired the energy storing white into energy-consuming brown fat cells
Palmitoylethanolamide Promotes White-to-Beige Conversion and Metabolic Reprogramming of Adipocytes: Contribution of PPAR-α
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/2/338
2022: In mice, a combination of diet & exercise improved their ECS & their metabolic function
Effect of diet and physical exercise on endocannabinoid system and energy homeostasis in obese mice
https://e-century.us/files/ijcem/14/3/ijcem0118169.pdf
2022: In mice, CB1 receptors may form heteromer complexes with a ghrelin receptor, stressing the importance of the ECS & the regulation of metabolism
Ghrelin and Cannabinoid Functional Interactions Mediated by Ghrelin/CB 1 Receptor Heteromers That Are Upregulated in the Striatum From Offspring of Mice Under a High-Fat Diet
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34955755/
2021: In obese mice, alterations to their orexin system & to their 2-AG/CB1 signaling led to problems with episodic memory
Orexin-A and endocannabinoids are involved in obesity-associated alteration of hippocampal neurogenesis, plasticity, and episodic memory in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34675233/
2021: In neurons of the hypothalamus related to feeding, endocannabinoids are required for the proper control of energy homeostasis
Endogenous cannabinoids are required for MC4R-mediated control of energy homeostasis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34654741/
2021: In male rats, CBD treatment when they are teenagers leads to later changes in metabolism
Juvenile cannabidiol chronic treatments produce robust changes in metabolic markers in adult male Wistar rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34478689/
2021: In rats fed a high-fat diet, CBD reduced insulin resistance & decreased the tau protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease
Cannabidiol - A phytocannabinoid that widely affects sphingolipid metabolism under conditions of brain insulin resistance
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34435590/
2021: In rats, mothers being fed a high-fat diet altered the CB1 levels in the brains of their sons & led to depressive symptoms in early life
Maternal High-Fat Diet Modulates Cnr1 Gene Expression in Male Rat Offspring
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445045/
2021: In cells that produce cholecystokinin (CCK - a hormone that regulates the pancreas, gastric motility & appetite), the endocannabinoid 2-AG caused increased CCK secretion via the CB1 receptor
2-Arachidonoyl glycerol potently induces cholecystokinin secretion in murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells via cannabinoid receptor CB1
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34533218/
2021: In humans undergoing a caloric restriction diet for 12 weeks & taking 100 mg of capsicum extract, they saw important alterations in their fecal microbiome
Oral Capsaicinoid Administration Alters the Plasma Endocannabinoidome and Fecal Microbiota of Reproductive-Aged Women Living with Overweight and Obesity
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/9/1246
2021: In a cellular culture mimicking the gut microbiome, probiotics engineered to produce butyrate downregulated the ECS
Engineered probiotics modulate the endocannabinoid system
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665906921000040
2021: In zebrafish, CBD oil had little impact on the microbiome
Passive exposure to cannabidiol oil does not cause microbiome dysbiosis in larval zebrafish
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666517421000262
2021: In diabetic humans with painful neuropathy in their feet, 20 mg of water solubilized CBD reduced pain, improved sleep & reduced anxiety
Cannabidiol (CBD) For the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy of the Feet: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial
2021: A study in tissues supports CBD’s anti-diabetic effects
Evaluation of cannabidiol's inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase and its stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34162444/
2021: In diabetic mice, injections of 2-AG protected their hearts from the cardiac pathology of the disease
2-Arachidonoylglycerol Attenuates Fibrosis in Diabetic Mice via the TGF-β1/Smad Pathway
https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr344998
2021: In rats fed an obesity-inducing diet, the endocannabinoid oleoylethanolamide protected their livers from oxidative stress
Oleoylethanolamide Reduces Hepatic Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/8/1289/htm
2021: In mice with a hole in their intestines, activating the CB2 receptor protected from inflammation & sepsis
Activation of CB2 receptor inhibits pyroptosis and subsequently ameliorates cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34364304/
2021: In rats on an obesity diet, PEA as well as oleamide (OEA – another endocannabinoid) functioned as anti-obesity nutritional interventions
Palmitoleoylethanolamide Is an Efficient Anti-Obesity Endogenous Compound: Comparison with Oleylethanolamide in Diet-Induced Obesity
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2589
2021: In mice, CBD helped to reduce binge eating behavior
Cannabidiol reduces binge eating behavior in mice
https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/332343
2021: In female mice with no CB1 receptor, a high-fat diet caused their offspring to be susceptible to later metabolic challenges
MATERNAL OBESITY REVERSES THE RESISTANCE TO LPS-INDUCED ADVERSE PREGNANCY OUTCOME AND INCREASES FEMALE OFFSPRING METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN CANNABINOID RECEPTOR 1 KNOCKOUT MICE
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34147601/
2021: In rats, the ECS & the dopamine system are linked to the changes associated with obesity
The endocannabinoid system is modulated in reward and homeostatic brain regions following diet-induced obesity in rats: a cluster analysis approach
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34165614/
2021: In mice, they find that the CB1 receptors in the brain’s ventromedial hypothalamus regulates glucose homeostasis
CB1Rs in VMH Neurons Regulate Glucose Homeostasis but not Body Weight
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34097543/
2021: In humans, the Mediterranean diet modulates the endocannabinoid system
Mediterranean diet consumption affects the endocannabinoid system in overweight and obese subjects: possible links with gut microbiome, insulin resistance and inflammation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33763720/
2021: In a rat model of obesity, chronic CBD reduced oxidative stress, lowered inflammation & improved the ratio of fatty acids in the skeletal muscle
Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response by Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Is Associated with Improved n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio in the White and Red Skeletal Muscle in a Rat Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/5/1603
2021: In a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome, treatment with a ketogenic diet caused the upregulation of CB1 & CB2 receptors
Cannabinoid Receptors Overexpression in a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) after Treatment with a Ketogenic Diet
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/6/2880
2021: In mice with metabolic syndrome, blocking the CB1 receptor in the body improved symptoms
Peripherally Selective CB1 Receptor Antagonist Improves Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome in Mice
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00213
2021: In mice, the CB1 receptor in neurons producing glutamate (the brain's basic excitatory neurotransmitter) drives the overconsumption of food & obesity
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor in dorsal telencephalic glutamatergic neurons drives overconsumption of palatable food and obesity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33558679/
2021: In a rat model of anxiety from colitis, the increase in the FAAH enzyme led to lower levels of AEA & more anxiety
Comorbid anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of colitis is mediated by an upregulation of corticolimbic fatty acid amide hydrolase
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33452437/
2021: In diabetic rats, CBD helped with depression & anxiety by multiple pathways
Cannabidiol induces antidepressant and anxiolytic‐like effects in experimental type-1 diabetic animals by multiple sites of action
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11011-020-00667-3
2021: In human cells, CBD disrupts cholesterol's synthesis, transport & storage
Multi-Omic Analysis Reveals Disruption of Cholesterol Homeostasis by Cannabidiol in Human Cell Lines
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130864v2.full.pdf
2021: A Big Data study looking at the links between obesity & the circulating levels of members of the endocannabinoidome
Linking the Endocannabinoidome with Specific Metabolic Parameters in an Overweight and Insulin-Resistant Population: From Multivariate Exploratory Analysis to Univariate Analysis and Construction of Predictive Models
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/1/71
2021: A case report of a man using CBD to help control his type 2 diabetes
Cannabidiol (CBD) Use in Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Report
https://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2020/12/23/ds20-0023
2021: In mice, the link between gut microbiome & mental health is mediated by the endocannabinoid system
Effect of gut microbiota on depressive-like behaviors in mice is mediated by the endocannabinoid system
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19931-2
2021: In fruit flies, cannabinoids alter what foods they prefer & how much they eat
Cannabinoids modulate food preference and consumption in Drosophila melanogaster
https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr250039
2021: In rats beginning to develop metabolic syndrome, their pancreatic islets saw differing effects on the expression of CB1 & CB2
Cannabinoid receptors are differentially regulated in the pancreatic islets during the early development of metabolic syndrome
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33289595/
2021: In women, this study looks at the correlation of 2-AG levels on their food habits
Blood Level of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), Neuropeptide Y and Omentin and Their Correlation with Food Habits in Obese Women
https://gmj.ir/index.php/gmj/article/view/1721/html
2020: In rats, CBD protects from the gastric ulcers induced by diclofenac, an arthritis drug
Protective effect of cannabidiol on diclofenac induced gastric ulcer in rats
http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/lsj170120/11_35741lsj170120_75_79.pdf
2020: For obesity, the crosstalk between CB1 receptors & GLP-1 receptors is suggested as a therapeutic target
CB1 and GLP-1 Receptors Cross-Talk Provides New Therapies for Obesity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33144338/
2020: A case study of an elderly woman getting diarrhea from CBD
Cannabidiol Oil-Associated Microscopic Colitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7574987/
2020: In mice with mood disorders induced by high-fat diets, PEA limits mood disorders & cognitive dysfunction
Palmitoylethanolamide limits mood disorders and cognitive dysfunction induced by high fat diet in obese mice
http://www.sins.it/medias/860-congress-book.pdf#page=38
2020: In humans with intestinal problems, how diet influences the endocannabinoid components lining the gut
Endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-like molecules and their precursors in human small intestinal lumen and plasma: does diet affect them?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33104865/
2020: In mice, 2-AG protected from viral gut infections
Endocannabinoids Inhibit the Induction of Virulence in Enteric Pathogens
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33031742/
2020: In mice with intestinal problems, fish oil combined well with CBD & CBG
Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32996187/
2020: In mice, their ability to develop a taste for a Western diet (high fat, high sugar) requires the CB1 receptor
Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptors in the Intestinal Epithelium Are Required for Acute Western-Diet Preferences in Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32962222/
2020: In a test of food intake & gut microbiota, the positives of the Mediterranean diet can be measured by looking at the endocannabinoid signaling (195 people)
Dietary fatty acid intake and gut microbiota determine circulating endocannabinoidome signaling beyond the effect of body fat
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32994521/
2020: In an analysis of humans, the omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived endocannabinoidome mediators help to regulate intuitive eating (non-pathological eating)
Intuitive eating is associated with elevated levels of circulating omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived endocannabinoidome mediators
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971226/
2020: A pilot study in obese mice found that feeding them cannabis extract helped them to lose weight
A Pilot Study on the Effect of Cannabis Extract on Weight Loss in Diet-induced Obese Mice
https://www.koreamed.org/SearchBasic.php?RID=2506220
2020: Just like in mammals, a high-fat diet in rainbow trout causes changes in the endocannabinoid system and the intake of food
The endocannabinoid system is affected by a high-fat-diet in rainbow trout
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32771417/
2020: In mice, diet is closely linked to the endocannabinoid system
High fat diet induced obesity alters endocannabinoid and ghrelin mediated regulation of components of the endocannabinoid system in nodose ganglia
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32659299/
2020: In older adults, using cannabis is associated with a lower body mass index (BMI) & a higher frequency of exercise
Exercise Intervention Outcomes With Cannabis Users and Nonusers Aged 60 and Older
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32553024/
2020: In humans, a study on the effects of high-protein diet found that the endocannabinoids OEA & PEA might be positively associated with cholesterol levels
Effects of a High-Protein Diet on Cardiometabolic Health, Vascular Function, and Endocannabinoids-A PREVIEW Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32455987/
2020: In female rats, oleoylethanolamide (the anandamide analogue) helps with the frustration around binge eating caused by stress
Oleoylethanolamide decreases frustration stress-induced binge-like eating in female rats: a novel potential treatment for binge-eating disorder
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-020-0686-z
2020: Study of CB2 receptor expression in the intestines of prenatal sheep
Expression profile of cannabinoid receptor 2 in ovine ileum during prenatal development
2020: A Yale dissertation on how the ECS contributes to the habitual responses to food and alcohol
Endocannabinoid Contributions to the Formation and Expression of Habitual Responding for Food and for Alcohol
2020: In humans with MS, study looks at how THC and CBD shift glucose metabolism in various regions
The effects of chronic Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) use on cerebral glucose metabolism in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31841355/
2020: In humans, a genetic variant of the CB1 receptor may be protective against metabolic syndrome & type 2 diabetes
Association Between Cannabinoid Receptor-1 Gene Polymorphism and the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33209051/
2020: In rats, a CB1 neutral antagonist helped with insulin resistance in a model of metabolic syndrome
Effects of the CB1 Receptor Antagonists AM6545 and AM4113 on Insulin Resistance in a High-Fructose High-Salt Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33138155/
2020: In diabetic rats, activating the CB2 receptor protected the brain via increased blood flow
A cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonist augments NOS-dependent responses of cerebral arterioles during type 1 diabetes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32979391/
2020: In mice being fed an obesity inducing diet, CBD improved the insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle & helped with glycogen recovery
Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Attenuates Skeletal Muscle De Novo Ceramide Synthesis Pathway and Related Metabolic Effects in a Rat Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32859125/
2020: Using a CB1 receptor blocker combined with a glycemic control agonist (GLP-1R) helped mice fight obesity and diabetes
Peripheral cannabinoid–1 receptor blockade potentiates the anti–obesity and anti–diabetic effects of GLP–1 mimetics
https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0070/ea0070ep169
2020: In mice, blocking the CB1 receptor helped with the obesity related to a fatty liver
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist inhibits progression of obesity‐associated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a mouse model by remodulating immune system disturbances
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32798334/
2020: In rats with induced diabetes, activation of the CB1 or CB2 receptor helps with pain
Spinal cannabinoid CB1 or CB2 receptors activation attenuates mechanical allodynia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32804775/
2020: In a mouse model of diabetic livers, activating the CB1 receptor helped with their lipid levels being off
Simultaneous Inhibition of Peripheral CB1R and iNOS Mitigates Obesity-Related Dyslipidemia Through Distinct Mechanisms
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32680936/
2020: In obese women, the circulating levels of AEA & 2-AG could be correlated with body mass, waist circumference, body fat percentage, as well as insulin & leptin levels
The association of circulating endocannabinoids with appetite regulatory substances in obese women
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32580926/
2020: In mice with their CB1 deleted from their livers, they saw improved glucose homeostasis & this suggests the modulation of CB1 activity for obese & diabetic individuals
Nullification of Hepatic Cannabinoid 1 Receptor (CB1R) Ameliorates Fatty Liver and Improves Glucose Homeostasis via Regulation of PI3K-mTORC1 axis
https://academic.oup.com/cdn/article/4/Supplement_2/1260/5845606
2020: In a comparison between the endocannabinoid levels in lean and obese women, it seems "the peripheral ECS may be more active than the central ECS. Indeed, the system appeared to be suppressed in the CNS of obese women."
Central and Peripheral Endocannabinoid Levels in Obese Versus Lean Women
https://academic.oup.com/jes/article/4/Supplement_1/SAT-LB100/5833488
2020: Rats with diabetes saw a number of positive changes from 2 weeks of CBD
Two-weeks treatment with cannabidiol improves biophysical and behavioral deficits associated with experimental type-1 diabetes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360935/
2020: In mice, eating meat causes obesity-type effects via alterations in the gut microbiome and the ECS
Meat Protein in High Fat Diet Induces Adipogensis and Dyslipidemia by Altering Gut Microbiota and Endocannabinoid Dysregulation in the Adipose Tissue of Mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32148030
2020: In a cell culture mimicking heart cells in a diabetic, CBD protected from all the negative effect of high glucose: elevated reactive oxygen species, shift of voltage by sodium channels, and prolongation of action potential (hyperexcitability)
Cannabidiol protects against high glucose-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32077098
2020: In cultures of bone marrow stem cells, CBD (and some of the other cannabinoids) helped to promote their maturation into healthy fat cells with improved insulin sensitivity
Phytocannabinoids promote viability and functional adipogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through different molecular targets
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32061773
2020: THCV for diabetes
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): a commentary on potential therapeutic benefit for the management of obesity and diabetes
https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-020-0016-7
2020: A look at using CBD for treating blindness caused by diabetes
Cannabidiol As a Putative Novel Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Postulated Mechanism of Action as an Entry Point for Biomarker-Guided Clinical Development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2955420/
2020: In obese people, their 2-AG cycle were misaligned to the normal daily rhythm
Circadian Misalignment of the 24-hour Profile of Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in Obese Adults
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31970413/
2020: Involvement of the ECS in the liver damage caused by diabetes - seems to involve a serotonin receptor
Involvement of endocannabinoid system, inflammation and apoptosis in diabetes induced liver injury: Role of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31926479/
2020: Involvement of the ECS in the liver damage caused by diabetes - seems to involve a serotonin receptor
Involvement of endocannabinoid system, inflammation and apoptosis in diabetes induced liver injury: Role of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31926479
2020: After a mouse has gastric bypass surgery (a technique for weight loss that we're still not sure of how it works), the CB1 receptor seems to be a key player in the regulation of energy after the procedure
Endocannabinoid Receptor-1 and Sympathetic Nervous System Mediate the Beneficial Metabolic Effects of Gastric Bypass
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33113371/
2020: In patients with gastroparesis (where the stomach doesn't empty itself well), females had lower levels of AEA & 2-AG in their blood - while the males saw no change in circulating endocannabinoids
Plasma endocannabinoids and cannabimimetic fatty acid derivatives are altered in gastroparesis: A sex- and subtype-dependent observation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32779297/
2020: In rats with anorexia, it appears that the CB1 receptor is downregulated
Epigenetic regulation of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in an activity-based rat model of anorexia nervosa
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32275093
2019: In humans with anorexia nervoas, the endocannabinoid system tone in the brain may be disturbed
Impaired brain endocannabinoid tone in the activity-based model of anorexia nervosa
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31456239
2019: In patients with gastroparesis (where the stomach can't empty itself of food), THC & CBD were reported to be most helpful by the patients
Cannabinoid Use in Patients With Gastroparesis and Related Disorders: Prevalence and Benefit
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30865015
2019: THCA may be useful for the treatment of obesity
Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A) reduces adiposity and prevents metabolic disease caused by diet-induced obesity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31706843
2019: In diabetic rats, CBD protects from neurodegeneration & improved many metabolic measures
Cannabidiol improves metabolic dysfunction in middle-aged diabetic rats submitted to a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31499052/
2019: in diabetic rats, CBD reduces neuropathic pain via serotonin
Cannabidiol attenuates mechanical allodynia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via serotonergic system activation through 5-HT1A receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30898678/
2019: in middle-aged diabetic rats, CBD treatment protected the brain from the declines of diabetes & reduced several inflammation markers in the hippocampus
Effects of Cannabidiol on Diabetes Outcomes and Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Comorbidities in Middle-Aged Rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30430393
2019: A high-fat diet and nicotine increased the level of CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus
A combination of dietary fat intake and nicotine exposure enhances CB1 endocannabinoid receptor expression in hypothalamic nuclei in male mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31634502
2019: The intake of linoleic acid increases endocannabinoid levels in bowel and liver
Linoleic acid in diets of mice increases total endocannabinoid levels in bowel and liver: modification by dietary glucose
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31452923
2019: In rats with intestinal injuries, activation of the CB2 receptor protected the bowel from damage due to reduced perfusion via several mechanisms
The curative effect of cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist on functional failure and disruptive inflammation caused by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31373049
2019: In humans, a FAAH genetic variant significantly increased the risk of obesity (266 humans in a genetic association study)
The influence of the fatty acid amide hydrolase 385C>A single nucleotide polymorphisms on obesity susceptibility
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31286394
2019: In mice, CB1 receptors found to enhance exercise activity and lower desire for food via GABA neurons
The motivation for exercise over palatable food is dictated by cannabinoid type-1 receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30843884
2018: In docking studies, CBD/CBDA extracts & CBG/CBGA extracts reduced aldose reductase activity for diabetes
Inhibition of aldose reductase activity by Cannabis sativa chemotypes extracts with high content of cannabidiol or Cannabigerol
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29427593/
2016: in diabetic mice, CBD treatment reduced pancreatic inflammation
Experimental cannabidiol treatment reduces early pancreatic inflammation in type 1 diabetes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27767974
2016: CBD to promote ‘browning’ in white fat cells as a method to combat obesity
Cannabidiol promotes browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27067870
2016: In mice with diabetes, CB2 activation protects against renal injury
Therapy with a Selective Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonist Limits Albuminuria and Renal Injury in Mice with Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26646377
2015: In mice, glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) regulate metabolism via the peripheral ECS
A peripheral endocannabinoid mechanism contributes to glucocorticoid-mediated metabolic syndrome
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25535367
2015: CB1 increases feeding via the POMC neurons in the hypothalamus
Hypothalamic POMC neurons promote cannabinoid-induced feeding
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14260.html
2014: in mice, CB1 increased odor detection and food intake
The endocannabinoid system controls food intake via olfactory processes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24509429
2014: In rats, activating the CB2 receptor helped protect the intestines from bacterial translocation
Long-term cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist therapy decreases Bacterial Translocation In Rats with cirrhosis and ascites.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24953022
2014: In diabetic mice, less CB2 receptors worsened renal function & caused more structural abnormalities
Deficiency of cannabinoid receptor of type 2 worsens renal functional and structural abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24827776
2014: In diabetic rats, CBD helped improve heart function, neuropathic pain & insulitis (inflammation in the pancreas’ islets of Langerhans) via COX1 & COX2
Cannabidiol improves vasorelaxation in Zucker diabetic fatty rats through cyclooxygenase activation
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25212218
2014: in rats, activation of CB1 & CB2 in the pancreas helps to protect from the oxidative damage of diabetes
Oxidative stress and cannabinoid receptor expression in type-2 diabetic rat pancreas following treatment with Δ⁹-THC
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25187240
2014: In cells, trans-caryophyllene activates CB2 and regulates glucose in diabetes
A role for trans-caryophyllene in the moderation of insulin secretion
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24486541
2013: in obese mice, THCV ameliorated insulin sensitivity
The cannabinoid Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) ameliorates insulin sensitivity in two mouse models of obesity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23712280/
2013: in rats, biphasic effect of THC & CBD on endothelial function of Type 2 diabetes
Cannabinoids alter endothelial function in the Zucker rat model of type 2 diabetes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24120371
2013: EC dysfunction leads to anorexia in mice
Small animal PET imaging of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor in a rodent model for anorexia nervosa
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24006151
2012: CBD appears to help with a number of components related to metabolic syndrome
The potential use of cannabidiol in the therapy of metabolic syndrome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430005
2012: in rats, CBD decreased food intake & CBN increased it
Cannabinol and cannabidiol exert opposing effects on rat feeding patterns
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543671
2011: in human & rat bladder samples, CBD extract & isolated CBD reduced the contractions induced by acetylcholine (but not those induced with electrical field stimulation, KCl, or α,β-methylene adenosine triphosphate) via TRPV1 in rats
Inhibitory effect of standardized cannabis sativa extract and its ingredient cannabidiol on rat and human bladder contractility
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21310467/
2010: In mice, the ECS has effects on the taste of sweetness
Endocannabinoids selectively enhance sweet taste
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080779
2010: in mice with type 1 diabetes, CBD lessened the neuropathic pain and the microglia accumulation that accompanied it
Cannabinoid-mediated modulation of neuropathic pain and microglial accumulation in a model of murine type I diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20236533/
2010: in mice with Type 1 diabetes, CBD protected the heart cells & reduced cardiac fibrosis, oxidative stress and cell death – CBD’s excellent safety profile
Cannabidiol attenuates cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144973
2008: in mice with the first stages of diabetes, CBD greatly lessened the emergence of the disease & protected the pancreas
Cannabidiol Arrests Onset of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270485/
2008: CBD, FAAH & Sepsis
Effect of cannabidiol on sepsis-induced motility disturbances in mice: involvement of CB receptors and fatty acid amide hydrolase
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18373655
2008: In mice, CBD lowers hypermotility in the intestines via CB1 & FAAH
Cannabidiol, extracted from Cannabis sativa, selectively inhibits inflammatory hypermotility in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18469842/
2006: in mice, CBD lowered the occurrence of diabetes, improved several inflammatory markers & reduced insulitis (a disease of the pancreas) – this possibly occurs by shifting the immune response from Th1 to Th2
Cannabidiol lowers incidence of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698671
2006: in rats with diabetes, CBD treatment helped with neuroprotection, reduced inflammation and preserved the blood-retinal barrier in the eye
Neuroprotective and blood-retinal barrier-preserving effects of cannabidiol in experimental diabetes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400026
2005: in humans, AEA increases in anorexia but not bulimia
Blood levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide are increased in anorexia nervosa and in binge-eating disorder, but not in bulimia nervosa
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15841111