
Pain
& Inflammation
Best reviews
2022: On targeting the ECS for treating migraines
The endocannabinoid system and related lipids as potential targets for the treatment of migraine-related pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179780/
2022: This study of cancer & pain patients using medical cannabis found a high adherence to following doctors orders, an improved quality of life, a decrease in pain levels & a low incidence of serious adverse events
Adherence, Safety, and Effectiveness of Medical Cannabis and Epidemiological Characteristics of the Patient Population: A Prospective Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35223923/
2022: A review of the phytocannabinoids for neuropathic pain
Applications of Cannabinoids in Neuropathic Pain : An updated review
https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/references/3667c4ae6e8fd136,forthcoming,38592.html
2022: This review of the literature suggests that the combination of spinal cord stimulation & cannabinoids work for chronic pain
Dorsal Column Stimulation and Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Chronic Nociceptive and Neuropathic Pain: a Review of the Clinical and Pre-clinical Data
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35119602/
2022: This review confirms the efficacy of cannabis for back pain in this review of 4 studies covering 110 patients
The Efficacy of Cannabis in Reducing Back Pain: A Systematic Review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35128969/
2022: This review looks at cannabinoids for treating spinal disorders
Analyzing the Impact of Cannabinoids on the Treatment of Spinal Disorders
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35132567/
2022: A review of how clinicians are using cannabis for pain
Chronic Pain Clinical and Prescriptive Practices in the Cannabis Era
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34973920/
2022: A patient registry shows the efficacy of cannabis & cannabinoid medicines for neuropathic pain
Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for patients with neuropathic pain and other pain disorders: Nationwide register-based pharmacoepidemiologic comparison with propensity score matched controls
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34624164/
2022: In pain patients, a combination of CBD & THC helped as an add-on treatment for neuropathic pain
Comparison of the Effectiveness and Tolerability of Nabiximols (THC:CBD) Oromucosal Spray versus Oral Dronabinol (THC) as Add-on Treatment for Severe Neuropathic Pain in Real-World Clinical Practice: Retrospective Analysis of the German Pain e-Registry
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35140513/
2022: A review on using cannabis & CBD for chronic pain
Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34882379/
2021: CBDA as an antioxidant
Is cannabidiolic acid an overlooked natural antioxidant? – insights from quantum chemistry calculations
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2021/nj/d1nj04771j/unauth
2021: A review of using cannabinoids for pain
Cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and pain: a review of preclinical studies
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33729211/
2021: This review of migraines & neural inflammation has a focus on the pain-relieving ability of the endocannabinoids
Neurogenic Inflammation: One of the Participants of Migraine and the Contribution of Translational Research
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202111.0064/v1
2021: This review looks at the pain fighting ability of the terpenes from cannabis
Analgesic Potential of Terpenes Derived from Cannabis sativa
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34663685/
2021: This review by a physician highlights the efficacy of CBD - and small amounts of THC – against chronic pain
Oral Cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of non-cancer chronic pain
https://digitalshowcase.lynchburg.edu/dmscjournal/vol3/iss4/2/
2021: This review looks at the cannabinoids for nociplastic pain (where the nervous system gets overly sensitized to pain signals, such as fibromyalgia)
Cannabis-Based Medicines and Medical Cannabis in the Treatment of Nociplastic Pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34800285/
2021: A review of using the cannabinoids for chronic neuropathic pain
Cannabis-Based Medicines and Medical Cannabis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34802112/
2021: The research plan for studying the use of cannabinoids for pain
International Association for the Study of Pain Presidential Task Force on Cannabis and Cannabinoid Analgesia: research agenda on the use of cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines for pain management
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34138827/
2021: A review of studies using cannabinoids for pain found “THC and THC/CBD interventions provided a significant improvement in pain intensity and were more likely to provide a 30% reduction in pain”
Efficacy of cannabis-based medications compared to placebo for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis
https://pc.jdapm.org/DOIx.php?id=10.17245/jdapm.2021.21.6.479
2021: This review looks at cannabis & CBD in treating lower back pain in older adults
The Effectiveness of Cannabis and Cannabis Derivatives in Treating Lower Back Pain in the Aged Population: A Systematic Review
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/518269
2021: A review of medical cannabis & CBD for headaches & migraines
Medical Cannabis, Headaches, and Migraines: A Review of the Current Literature
2021: This review looks at cannabis & CBD in treating lower back pain in older adults
The Effectiveness of Cannabis and Cannabis Derivatives in Treating Lower Back Pain in the Aged Population: A Systematic Review
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/518269
2021: Review by two pharmacists about using CBD & the other cannabinoids for pain
See, Be, Deceived…or Relieved? Evaluating CBD for Pain Management
2021: A review of humans with chronic musculoskeletal pain found that they reported cannabis to be helpful & with only minor adverse events
Cannabis against chronic musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review on users and their perceptions
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34481519/
2021: A meta-analysis of cannabis for chronic pain & pain from cancer
Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34497047/
2021: This review gives a physician’s perspective on the cannabinoids for pain with an emphasis on CBD
The Role of Cannabis, Cannabidiol and Other Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain. The Perspective of Physicians
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34467511/
2021: This review of 16 studies looks at treating osteoarthritis with CBD
Efficacy of Cannabidiol in Treating Osteoarthritis
2021: A review of CBD for oxidative stress
Cannabidiol modulation of oxidative stress and signalling
2021: CV Sciences medical adviser Dr. Jamie Corroon publishes a primer for clinicians on using topical CBD for pain
Topical CBD for Pain: A primer for clinicians
https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2021-07/topical-cbd-pain
2021: This review of cannabinoids for inflammation & oxidative stress find the preclinical work to be promising but that the clinical work still needs to be done
The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis in Counteracting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34361704/
2021: A review of how the cannabinoids similarly affect inflammation of the guts, lungs & skin
Cannabinoids and Inflammations of the Gut-Lung-Skin Barrier
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34072930/
2021: A meta-review of the studies of pain with cannabinoids & the endocannabinoid system in animal models
Cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and pain: a review of preclinical studies
https://journals.lww.com/pain/Abstract/9000/Cannabinoids,_the_endocannabinoid_system,_and.98090.aspx
2021: A study of the antioxidation strength of the major phytocannabinoids finds that when working in combination, they're as strong as Vitamin E
CBG, CBD, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBGA, CBDA and Δ9-THCA as antioxidant agents and their intervention abilities in antioxidant action
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33964342/
2021: This review looks at using the cannabinoids to treat pain with a special focus on CBD
Cannabis-based medicines and pain: a review of potential synergistic and entourage effects
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33703917/
2021: This review of 26 studies looking at cannabinoids & inflammatory cytokines found that CBD, CBG & CBD+THC all decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not THC alone
The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2020.0105
2021: Another review looks at the pain-relieving effects of the other components in cannabis plants
Antinociceptive effects of minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids in Cannabis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33709984/
2021: This review looks at the efficacy & safety profile of cannabinoids for chronic neuropathic pain
A multicriteria decision analysis comparing pharmacotherapy for chronic neuropathic pain, including cannabinoids and cannabis-based medical products
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2020.0129
2020: This roundup of research showcases several articles on the use of cannabinoids in cancer and pain treatment
Editorial: The Canonical and Non-Canonical Endocannabinoid System as a Target in Cancer and Acute and Chronic Pain
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.00312/full
2020: PEA & pain
ALIAmides Update: Palmitoylethanolamide and Its Formulations on Management of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32727084/
2020: CBD & pain
Cannabidiol for Pain Treatment: Focus on Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33238607/
2020: A meta-review of targeting cannabinoid receptors for inflammation
Cannabinoid Receptor and Inflammation
2020: This review looks at 19 studies and found that omega-3 fatty acid "modulates endocannabinoid tone, which subsequently attenuates inflammation and cardiometabolic risk factors."
Endocannabinoid system and cardiometabolic risk factors: A comprehensive systematic review insight into the mechanistic effects of omega-3 fatty acids
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32184122
2020: A meta-review on why CBD is so intriguing for treating inflammation
Cannabinoids as Promising Anti-inflammatory Agent
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-5917-4_5
2020: This review looks at the mechanisms of CBD for inflammation & scar tissue formation (fibrosis)
A molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis properties of cannabidiol
https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1096/fj.202000975R
2020: A review of CBD’s mechanisms
A molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis properties of cannabidiol
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32885502/
2020: A meta-review of interactions between cannabinoids & pain medications
Potential Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions between Cannabinoids and Drugs Used for Chronic Pain
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/3902740/
2020: This meta-review rounds up why the endocannabinoid system is being targeted for treating rheumatoid arthritis
The endocannabinoid signaling pathway as an emerging target in pharmacotherapy, earmarking mitigation of destructive events in rheumatoid arthritis
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320520308602
2020: A review of using CBD for pain
Use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of chronic pain
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521689620300458
2020: A review of how the cannabinoids interact with the opioids and tend to help them work better
The role of the cannabinoid system in opioid analgesia and tolerance
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32167427
2020: A review of cannabinoids in the treatment of back pain
Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Back Pain
https://academic.oup.com/neurosurgery/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/neuros/nyz573/5758016
2020: A review of 36 clinical trials (representing 4,006 patients) finds moderate evidence supporting cannabinoids for treating chronic, non-cancer pain
Cannabinoids in Chronic Non-Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1179544120906461
2020: A review of targeting the cannabinoid receptors for neuropathic pain
Targeting Peripherally Restricted Cannabinoid Receptor 1, Cannabinoid Receptor 2, and Endocannabinoid-Degrading Enzymes for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Including Neuropathic Orofacial Pain
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/4/1423
2020: A review of CBD for chronic pain
The Role of Cannabidiol (CBD) in Chronic Pain Management: An Assessment of Current Evidence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31980957
2020: Review of CBD's antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties
Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31881765
2019: This meta-review of 24 studies pain studies found cannabinoids effective as replacement/adjunctive options
Effects of cannabinoid administration for pain: A meta-analysis and meta-regression
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31120281/
2018: The ECS & migraines
Endocannabinoid System and Migraine Pain: An Update
Timeline of Research
2022: In migraine patients, oral cannabinoids helped reduce pain intensity & to lower acute medication intake
Oral Cannabinoid Preparations for the Treatment of Chronic Migraine: A Retrospective Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34347088/
2022: In patients with arthritis of the thumb, many of them found topical & oral cannabis helpful
Assessment of Medical Cannabis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Thumb Basal Joint
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34893392/
2021: In an animal model of osteoarthritis, β-caryophyllene both helped with the pain & reduced cartilage degeneration
Antinociceptive and chondroprotective effects of prolonged β-caryophyllene treatment in the animal model of osteoarthritis: Focus on tolerance development
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34856202/
2022: In a mouse model of pain, combining an activator of the CB1 receptor & the mu-opioid receptor inhibited visceral pain without the development of side effects or tolerance
COMBINED CANNABINOID RECEPTOR 1 AND MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS SYNERGISTICALLY INHIBIT VISCERAL PAIN IN VIVO WITHOUT ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS OR TOLERANCE
https://academic.oup.com/jcag/article/5/Supplement_1/131/6533032
2022: Essential oil from hemp causes antimicrobial & antioxidant activity
In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Cannabis sativa L. cv 'Futura 75' essential oil
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32865042/
2022: In pain patients, cannabis oil reduced the use of opioids
Long-term Cannabis-based oil therapy and pain medications prescribing patterns: an Italian observational study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35253178/
2022: In a rat model of pain from chemotherapy, the ability of hyperbaric oxygen treatment to lessen pain & inflammation seems to be mediated by the C2 receptor
Involvement of spinal cannabinoid receptor type 2 in the analgesia effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35226977/
2022: A survey of pain patients found that cannabis causes a significant improvement in quality of life as well as reduced anxiety
Measuring the Change in Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Using Marijuana for Pain Relief
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35224431/
2022: In a mouse model of pain, the ability of a black pepper extract seemed to control pain via the CB2 receptor, a PPAR nuclear receptor that controls genetic transcription & the TRPV1 vanilloid receptor
Viphyllin TM, a Standardized Black Pepper Seed Extract Exerts Antinociceptive Effects in Murine Pain Models via Activation of Cannabinoid Receptor CB2, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha and TRPV1 Ion Channels
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35153513/
2022: A thematic analysis the experience of patients using cannabis for pain
What are the experiences of patients using cannabis for pain? A systematic review of qualitative studies
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876382021008167
2022: An analysis of real-world patient data about cannabis for chronic refractory pain
Medicinal Cannabis for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Pain: An Investigation of the Adverse Event Profile and Health-Related Quality of Life Impact of an Oral Formulation
https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/521492
2022: A mixed-method analysis shows how people are using cannabis for pain management
A mixed methods analysis of cannabis use routines for chronic pain management
https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=DJ2022074947
2022: A look at novel FAAH inhibitors for the treatment of chronic pain
Identifying FAAH Inhibitors as New Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of Chronic Pain through Drug Repurposing
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056095/
2022: In mice with neuropathic pain, CBD combined well with THCV to lessen pair via the CB1 receptor & a serotonin receptor
Role of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rodents
https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr437461
2022: In a mouse model of pain & opioid addiction, a look at the effects of CBD & a novel CBD derivative (CBD-val-HS)
Differential Effects of Cannabidiol and a Novel Cannabidiol Analog on Oxycodone Place Preference and Analgesia in Mice: an Opioid Abuse Deterrent with Analgesic Properties
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34962133/
2022: Data from a medical cannabis app shows that inhaled cannabis reduces self-reported pain severity by ~45%
A Large-Scale Naturalistic Examination of the Acute Effects of Cannabis on Pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998864/
2022: For chronic pain conditions, THC & CBD improved pain scores as well as quality of life
UK Medical Cannabis registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for chronic pain conditions
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937477/
Here’s the summary study of their entire analysis
An Updated Analysis of Clinical Outcome Measures Across Patients From the UK Medical Cannabis Registry
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35073160/
2022: This analysis looks at how chronic pain patients utilize medical cannabis products
A mixed methods analysis of cannabis use routines for chronic pain management
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35016733/
2022: This single-center prospective study found that medical cannabis helped to reduce opioid use in chronic pain patients
Medical Cannabis Used as an Alternative Treatment for Chronic Pain Demonstrates Reduction in Chronic Opioid Use - A Prospective Study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35051158/
2022: In humans with chronic back pain, the use of medical cannabis reduced opioid prescriptions
Medical Cannabis Use Reduces Opioid Prescriptions in Patients With Chronic Back Pain
2022: A survey of chronic pain patients finds medical cannabis certification associated with decreased opiate use
Medical Cannabis Certification Is Associated With Decreased Opiate Use in Patients With Chronic Pain: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Delaware
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35004055/
2022: In mice with neuropathic pain from chemotherapy treatment, a CBD analog reduced mechanical & cold allodynia (pain from extreme sensitivity) via the PPARγ receptors which regulate genetic transcription
The Cannabidiol Analog PECS-101 Prevents Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain via PPARγ Receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904193/
2022: In a rat model of pain, the use of NSAIDs caused pain reduction via the endorphin & endocannabinoid systems
Endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems contribute to antinociception produced by administration of NSAIDs into the insular cortex of rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32916536/
2022: In mice with pain, the use of curcumin reduced pain via the endorphin & endocannabinoid systems
Curcumin induces peripheral antinociception by opioidergic and cannabinoidergic mechanism: Pharmacological evidence
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35032552/
2022: In humans with peripheral neuropathy, a double-blind study showed topical CBD oil caused “significant improvement in pain and other disturbing sensations”
The Effectiveness of Topical Cannabidiol Oil in Symptomatic Relief of Peripheral Neuropathy of the Lower Extremities
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31793418/
2021: In rats, the ability of the coffee terpene kahweol to lessen pain is mediated by the endocannabinoid system
Kahweol, a natural diterpene from coffee, induces peripheral antinociception by endocannabinoid system activation
2021: In humans with pain, a small amount of THC (2.5 to 10 mg) helps an opioid painkiller to work better
Within-subject, double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled evaluation of the combined effects of the cannabinoid dronabinol and the opioid hydromorphone in a human laboratory pain model
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33879842/
2021: In a mouse that has CB2 receptors that glow in the dark, the amount of receptors present in the skin led the researchers to view the CB2 receptor as a target for the neuropathic pain of chemotherapy
A peripheral CB2 cannabinoid receptor mechanism suppresses chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
2021: In a rat model of migraines, inhibiting both the FAAH enzyme (which breaks down anandamide) & the MAGL enzyme (that breaks down 2-AG) leads to less pain-associated behavior as well as gene activation related to inflammatory cytokines
Dual Inhibition of FAAH and MAGL Counteracts Migraine-like Pain and Behavior in an Animal Model of Migraine
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/10/2543/htm
2021: In mice, the ability of CB2 receptor activation to lessen pain seems to be mediated by TRPV1 receptors in the spinal column
Peripherally administered cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB 2 R) agonists lose anti-allodynic effects in TRPV1 knockout mice, while intrathecal administration leads to anti-allodynia and reduced GFAP, CCL2 and TRPV1 expression in the dorsal spinal cord and DRG
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34774500/
2021: In orthopedic patients, medical cannabis use “was associated with clinical improvements in pain, function, and quality of life with reductions in prescription drug use”
Perceived Efficacy, Reduced Prescription Drug Use, and Minimal Side Effects of Cannabis in Patients with Chronic Orthopedic Pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34767730/
2021: In sensory neurons, CBD & CBG reduced responses to the ‘spicy’ molecule capsaicin & why that might be helpful for pain
Dose-Related Inhibition of Capsaicin Responses by Cannabinoids CBG, CBD, THC and their Combination in Cultured Sensory Neurons
2021: In mice with neurotoxicity from treatment with the chemotherapy drug oxaliplatin, activating their CB1 receptor reduced the associated peripheral neuropathic pain
Endocannabinoid System Attenuates Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy Through the Activation of CB1 Receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34792764/
2021: In mice with no CB1 receptors in their sensory neurons, this research suggests using CB1 agonists that are restricted to the periphery for the treatment of pain
Role of primary sensory neurone cannabinoid type-1 receptors in pain and the analgesic effects of the peripherally acting agonist CB-13 in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34844727/
2021: In mice with pain, CBD helped more in males than in females – and showed no synergistic effect with morphine
Evaluating the Antinociceptive Efficacy of Cannabidiol Alone or in Combination with Morphine Using the Formalin Test in Male and Female Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34846928/
2021: In a rat model of osteoarthritis, PEA reduced knee joint swelling, cartilage degradation & inflammatory markers
Anti-inflammatory activity of palmitoylethanolamide ameliorates osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate in Sprague-Dawley rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34468900/
2021: In the blood of dogs, they measured the effects of CBD & found it to be anti-inflammatory & immuno-modulating
Effect of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Canine Inflammatory Response: An Ex Vivo Study on LPS Stimulated Whole Blood
https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/8/9/185
2021: In rats with nerve injuries, the ability of exercise to lower their pain seems to be at least partially mediated by the endocannabinoid system lowering their inflammatory response
Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia Profile in a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model Predicts Pain Severity Following Infraorbital Nerve Injury and Is Associated with Local Cytokine Levels, Systemic Endocannabinoids, and Endogenous Opioids
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34398938/
2021: In a mouse model of inflammatory pain, treatment with JNK (a novel pain inhibitor) works via the CB2 receptor in females & by both the CB1 & CB2 receptor in males
Sex and dose-dependent antinociceptive effects of the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor SU 3327 are mediated by CB2 receptors in female, and CB1/CB2 receptors in male mice in an inflammatory pain model
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0361923021002677
2021: In mice with no Alpha/Beta-Hydrolase Domain 6 (ABHD6 – an enzyme that degrades 2-AG), they had to urinate more frequently & were more sensitive to mechanical pain
Phenotypic Characterization of the Endocannabinoid-Degrading Enzyme Alpha/Beta-Hydrolase Domain 6 Knockout Rat
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34468198/
2021: In humans with arthritis, 30 mg of synthetic CBD not helpful for the pain
Cannabidiol treatment in hand osteoarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34510141/
2021: In a rat model of migraines, the CB1 receptor & orexin receptor were involved with the resulting anxiety & social dysfunction
The involvement of orexin 1 and cannabinoid 1 receptors within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter in the modulation of migraine-induced anxiety and social behavior deficits of rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34560171/
2021: In rat livers, NSAIDs act as inhibitors of the FAAH enzyme & that may be part of the reason for their modulation of pain
Assessment of NSAIDS as Potential Inhibitors of the Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase I (FAAH-1) using Three Different Primary Fatty Acid Amide Substrates In Vitro
2021: In people with chronic pain, cannabis reduced their use of opioids
Risk and benefit of cannabis prescription for chronic non-cancer pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34338621/
2021: A survey of spinal patients found that many of them found CBD helpful for treating their pain, improving their sleep & reducing their anxiety
Prevalence of Cannabidiol Use in Patients With Spine Complaints: Results of an Anonymous Survey
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34285125/
2021: In diabetic humans with painful neuropathy in their feet, 20 mg of water solubilized CBD reduced pain, improved sleep & reduced anxiety
Cannabidiol (CBD) For the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy of the Feet: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial
2021: In a rat model of tonic pain, the injection of CBD into the brain’s nucleus accumbens (a major mediating center of analgesics for pain) lessened the pain response & suggests CBD as a treatment for inflammatory pain
Cannabidiol microinjection into the nucleus accumbens attenuated nociceptive behaviors in an animal model of tonic pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324957/
2021: In humans with nerve pain due to rheumatic disease, a combination of PEA & acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC – a dietary supplement that is naturally produced in the human body) caused a significant decrease in pain
The synergistic effect of palmitoylethanolamide and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of peripheral neuropathies secondary to rheumatic diseases
https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-orthopedics/article.php?cod=R14Y2021N03A0336
2021: In a rat’s aorta, the drug affinin (a painkiller with a structure similar to anandamide) appears to act via the CB1, TRPV1 & TRPA1 receptors to cause vasodilation in the heart
Endothelial TRP channels and cannabinoid receptors are involved in affinin-induced vasodilation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34237389/
2021: In rats with depression from traumatic nerve pain, the injury seems to lower the levels of cannabinoids & lead to behavioral depression
Dynamic Change of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Controls the Development of Depression after Neuropathic Pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34244365/
2021: In humans, a test of CBD for pain found it safe & well-tolerated
The dose-dependent analgesic effects, abuse liability, safety and tolerability of oral cannabidiol in healthy humans
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34223660/
2021: In a mouse model of post-surgical pain, β-Caryophyllene (the terpene most often found in the hemp plant & our products) inhibited the MAGL enzyme & thus increased 2-AG levels to help treat the pain
β-Caryophyllene inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase activity and increases 2-AG levels: a new mechanism of endocannabinoid-mediated analgesia?
https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.22541/au.162539258.80061327
2021: In rats with nerve injuries, CBD helped with pain & symptoms of depression via the serotonin receptors & CB1 receptors
Cannabidiol in the prelimbic cortex modulates the comorbid condition between the chronic neuropathic pain and depression-like behaviour in rats: The role of medial prefrontal cortex 5-HT 1A and CB 1 receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34192579/
2021: In a rat model of neuropathic pain, CBD helped on several different measures of pain & anxiety
Cannabidiol effectively reverses mechanical and thermal allodynia, hyperalgesia, and anxious behaviors in a neuropathic pain model: Possible role of CB1 and TRPV1 receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34274349/
2021: This survey of Canadian cannabis clinics found CBD helped for pain, anxiety & depression in moderate & severe cases but not mild cases
Cannabidiol use and effectiveness: real-world evidence from a Canadian medical cannabis clinic
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34162446/
2021: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, CBD helped with their musculoskeletal pain
Cannabidiol has therapeutic potential for myofascial pain in female and male parkinsonian rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246682/
2021: In rats getting chemotherapy, anandamide helped to protect against the neuropathic pain
Protective effects of anandamide against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34118805/
2021: In pain sensing neurons of the mouse, CBD inhibited their firing via sodium channels, thus causing the cells to produce less pain signals
Cannabidiol inhibition of murine primary nociceptors: Tight binding to slow inactivated states of Nav1.8 channels
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34131037/
2021: In humans, one dose of 800 mg of CBD did not alter their pain levels
Pain response to cannabidiol in induced acute nociceptive pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia by using a model mimicking acute pain in healthy adults in a randomized trial (CANAB I)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34086631/
2021: In various cell types, CBD acted as an antioxidant in healthy cells & as a killer in cancer cells
New Insights on Hemp Oil Enriched in Cannabidiol: Decarboxylation, Antioxidant Properties and In Vitro Anticancer Effect
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34067035/
2021: In rodents, an extract of cannabis roots helped to control pain & inflammation as well as causing antiasthmatic activity
Investigation of antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiasthmatic and spasmolytic activities of Brazilian Cannabis sativa L. roots in rodents
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34058314/
2021: Among orthopedic doctors focused on trauma, a majority of them thought cannabis & CBD were useful for postoperative pain - although they didn't feel knowledgeable about the mechanisms
Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872227/
2021: A survey of 7 pain management clinics in SoCal found a predominantly positive attitude about CBD for pain relief
Cannabidiol as a Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Survey of Patients’ Perspectives and Attitudes
2021: In rats, the use of morphine increased the number of CB2 in the spinal dorsal horn (one of the 3 columns of the spinal cord)
Morphine Induces Upregulation of Neuronally Expressed CB2 Receptors in the Spinal Dorsal Horn of Rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33912678/
2021: β-Caryophyllene, usually the most common terpene cannabis, improves oxidative stress & helps with malfunctioning mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)
Improvement of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction by β-Caryophyllene: A Focus on the Nervous System
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/4/546
2021: In rats with neuropathic pain, an endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor lessens the pain
Inhibitory effect of intrathecally administered AM404, an endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor, on neuropathic pain in a rat chronic constriction injury model
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33783763/
2021: In rats, a look at the pharmacology of how endorphins & endocannabinoids control pain
Endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems modulate the muscle pain: a pharmacological study into the peripheral site
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33826922/
2021: In a mouse model of pain, three of the main cannabis terpenes helped to reduce pain, possibly via the cannabinoid receptors
Evaluation of the Terpenes β-caryophyllene, α-terpineol, and γ-terpinene in the Mouse Chronic Constriction Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain: Possible Cannabinoid Receptor Involvement
https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.S1.01643
2021: In brain slices from rats, persistent inflammation lowers the number of CB1 receptors in the rostral ventromedial medulla (a brain region related to pain signaling)
Persistent Inflammation Reduces Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Function in the Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray
https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.S1.02474
2021: In a mouse model of neuropathic pain, THC & CBD both helped with pain - though they displayed less synergy than expected
Oral efficacy of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in a mouse neuropathic pain model
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33741405/
2021: In mouse models of pain, the combination of full-spectrum hemp extracts & PEA reduced pain greatly
Palmitoylethanolamide and hemp oil extract exert synergistic anti-nociceptive effects in mouse models of acute and chronic pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33722712/
2021: In mice, inflammatory pain causes more CB1 receptors in the pain area of the brain
Effects of inflammatory pain on CB1 receptor in the midbrain periaqueductal gray
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33693301/
2021: These pain doctors surveyed their patients about the amount of pain relief reported from using cannabinoids
Perception and Belief on Cannabinoids: A Comparative Study of Rheumatology Patients and Primary Care Physicians on the Use of Cannabinoids for Pain Management
2021: In a rat model of inflammatory pain, PEA combined well with acetyl-l-carnitine (LAC)
Effect of Ultra-Micronized-Palmitoylethanolamide and Acetyl-l-Carnitine on Experimental Model of Inflammatory Pain
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/1967/htm
2021: In rats, CBD combined with bioflavonoids for osteoarthritis
Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol Alone and in Combination with Standardized Bioflavonoid Composition
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33570460/
2021: In a survey of humans with osteoarthritis in their hips & knees, a quarter of them endorsed the use of CBD products
Prevalence of Cannabinoid Use in Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7861619/
2021: In a rat model of osteoarthritis, activating the CB2 receptor helped to control pain & bone degeneration
CB2 agonism controls pain and subchondral bone degeneration induced by mono-iodoacetate: Implications GPCR functional bias and tolerance development
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33482616/
2021: In rats exposed to heat stress, the endocannabinoid system interacts with the serotonin system to modulate the pain
Interactions between the cannabinoid and the serotonergic systems in modulation of pain perception
https://pharmacia.pensoft.net/article/49219/
2021: In a mouse model of neuropathic pain, the pain-relieving properties of gabapentin are mediated by the endocannabinoid system
Role of the endocannabinoid system on the antihyperalgesic action of gabapentin in animal model of neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33331440/
2020: In neuronal cells, cannabinoids like AEA & 2-AG protect from the inflammation & cell death caused by oxidative stress
Cannabinoid-profiled agents improve cell survival via reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and Nrf2 activation in a toxic model combining hyperglycemia+Aβ1-42 peptide in rat hippocampal neurons
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018620302084
2020: In the islet cells of the pancreas (producers of insulin), THC & CBD both helped to reduce the level of free radicals
Cannabinoids as anti-ROS in aged pancreatic islet cells
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320520307190
2020: In brain cells of rats experiencing neurotoxicity, both CBD & CBG rescued serotonin levels & acted as antioxidants – but only CBD helped to repair the release of neurotransmitters
Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat CTX-TNA2 Astrocytes and Isolated Cortexes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443623/
2020: We're still not exactly sure how NSAIDS like ibuprofen work - but this study suggests the involvement of the cannabinoid & opioid system in the limbic areas of the brain
Endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems contribute to antinociception produced by administration of NSAIDs into the insular cortex of rats
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S075333222030915X
2020: In mice, activating the CB2 receptor helped with pain via the microglia (the brain's immune cells)
Low-dose cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist induces microglial activation in a cancer pain-morphine tolerance rat model
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320520313886
2020: In rat neurons, how CBD causes pain relief via the TRPV1 receptors
CBD Effects on TRPV1 Signaling Pathways in Cultured DRG Neurons
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32982390/
2020: In mice with bone cancer pain, activation of the CB2 receptor lowered pain & improved the functioning of the blood-spinal cord barrier
Spinal cannabinoid receptor 2 activation reduces hypersensitivity associated with bone cancer pain and improves the integrity of the blood–spinal cord barrier
https://rapm.bmj.com/content/early/2020/08/12/rapm-2019-101262.abstract
2020: In rats with induced diabetes, activation of the CB1 or CB2 receptor helps with pain
Spinal cannabinoid CB1 or CB2 receptors activation attenuates mechanical allodynia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32804775/
2020: In this intriguing study in cells, the presence of cholesterol is critical to the ability of the cannabinoids to lower pain
Cholesterol regulates cannabinoid analgesia through glycine receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32712277/
This effect works via the glycine receptors - which is another system that CBD interacts with.
2020: In rats, treatment with morphine increased the CB2 receptors in their spine - this suggests a combination of opioids & cannabinoids like CBD for safer, more effective pain treatment
Morphine Induces Upregulation of Neuronally Expressed CB2 Receptors in the Spinal Dorsal Horn of Rats
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/can.2020.0004
2020: A review of how NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) may be lowering pain & inflammation via the ECS
Non-opioid Analgesics and the Endocannabinoid System
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32551466/
2020: Computer modeling of the pathways CBD uses to protect against inflammation
A Network Pharmacology Approach to Identify Potential Molecular Targets for Cannabidiol's Anti-Inflammatory Activity
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2020.0025
2020: In mouth cells, activating the CB2 receptor helped with inflammation & suggests a use for oral inflammatory diseases
Cannabinoid type‐2 receptor agonist, inverse agonist, and anandamide regulation of inflammatory responses in IL‐1β stimulated primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jre.12765
2020: In mouth cells, the terpene β-Caryophyllene reduced inflammation via the CB2 receptor
β-Caryophyllene Reduces the Inflammatory Phenotype of Periodontal Cells by Targeting CB2 Receptors
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/8/6/164
2020: In white blood cells, inhibition of breaking down 2-AG decreases inflammation
Endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibition unmasks that unsaturated fatty acids induce a robust synthesis of 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and its congeners in human myeloid leukocytes
https://www.jimmunol.org/content/204/1_Supplement/144.28
2020: In mice with mucositis (oral lesions, often from chemotherapy), CBD protected the mouth via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity as well as speeding repair
Cannabidiol on 5-FU-induced Oral Mucositis in Mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32400905/
2020: In mice, activation of CB1 increased secretion of IL-10 while reducing inflammation and organ injury
Activation of CB1R Promotes Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-10 Secretion by Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressive Cells and Reduces Acute Inflammation and Organ Injury
https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/early/2020/05/07/jimmunol.2000213.full.pdf
2020: In human monocytes (a type of white blood cell), the anti-inflammation effects of CBD are mediated by modulation of the P2X7 inflammasome receptor
Inhibitory Effect of Cannabidiol on the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Is Associated with Its Modulation of the P2X7 Receptor in Human Monocytes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32374168
2020: In mice, swimming exercise reduced inflammatory pain via the ECS
High-intensity swimming exercise reduces inflammatory pain in mice by activation of the endocannabinoid system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358841
2020: In macrophages (mobile white blood cell), the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense pathogens & then pass on their message via the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) adaptor. Both CBD & THC modulate the MyD88 signaling to help with inflammation
MyD88-dependent and -independent signalling via TLR3 and TLR4 are differentially modulated by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in human macrophages
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165572820300576
2020: In mice, CB1 receptors control pain via pathways in the thalamus
Incerta-thalamic Circuit Controls Nocifensive Behavior via Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32502461/
2020: In a rare study of gender differences, this mouse study showed that the pain-relieving effects of the cannabinoids was greater in males than females
Evaluation of the Preclinical Analgesic Efficacy of Naturally Derived, Orally Administered Oil Forms of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Cannabidiol (CBD), and Their 1:1 Combination
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32497151/
2020: In rats, the CB1 receptors are involved in pain signals processed by the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (the brain region known as the primary control center for descending pain modulation) & blocking the CB1 receptors before a painful stimulus increased the learning & memory impairments
Blockage of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter cannabinoid 1 receptor increases dental pulp pain and pain-related subsequent learning and memory deficits in rats
2019: in tissue culture, CBD extracts & isolated CBD both inhibited inflammatory leukocytes – both effect cell migration and TNF-α production but the extract is more potent - but isolated CBD better for lowering reactive oxygen species production
A Novel Standardized Cannabis sativa L. Extract and Its Constituent Cannabidiol Inhibit Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Functions
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013912/
2019: CB2 receptors in the spinal cord may be involved in pain-reducing effects of exercise
Involvement of Spinal Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in Exercise-Induced Antinociception
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31473278
2018: In rats, CBDA & THC both lowered pain & inflammation
Effect of cannabidiolic acid and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema in a rodent model of inflammatory pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30225659/