​

2022: In migraine patients, oral cannabinoids helped reduce pain intensity & to lower acute medication intake

Oral Cannabinoid Preparations for the Treatment of Chronic Migraine: A Retrospective Study

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34347088/

​

2022: In patients with arthritis of the thumb, many of them found topical & oral cannabis helpful

Assessment of Medical Cannabis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Thumb Basal Joint

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34893392/

​

2021: In an animal model of osteoarthritis, β-caryophyllene both helped with the pain & reduced cartilage degeneration

Antinociceptive and chondroprotective effects of prolonged β-caryophyllene treatment in the animal model of osteoarthritis: Focus on tolerance development

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34856202/

​

2022: In a mouse model of pain, combining an activator of the CB1 receptor & the mu-opioid receptor inhibited visceral pain without the development of side effects or tolerance

COMBINED CANNABINOID RECEPTOR 1 AND MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS SYNERGISTICALLY INHIBIT VISCERAL PAIN IN VIVO WITHOUT ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS OR TOLERANCE

https://academic.oup.com/jcag/article/5/Supplement_1/131/6533032

​

2022: Essential oil from hemp causes antimicrobial & antioxidant activity

In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Cannabis sativa L. cv 'Futura 75' essential oil

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32865042/

​

2022: In pain patients, cannabis oil reduced the use of opioids

Long-term Cannabis-based oil therapy and pain medications prescribing patterns: an Italian observational study

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35253178/

​

2022: In a rat model of pain from chemotherapy, the ability of hyperbaric oxygen treatment to lessen pain & inflammation seems to be mediated by the C2 receptor

Involvement of spinal cannabinoid receptor type 2 in the analgesia effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35226977/

​

2022: A survey of pain patients found that cannabis causes a significant improvement in quality of life as well as reduced anxiety

Measuring the Change in Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Using Marijuana for Pain Relief

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35224431/

​

2022: In a mouse model of pain, the ability of a black pepper extract seemed to control pain via the CB2 receptor, a PPAR nuclear receptor that controls genetic transcription & the TRPV1 vanilloid receptor

Viphyllin TM, a Standardized Black Pepper Seed Extract Exerts Antinociceptive Effects in Murine Pain Models via Activation of Cannabinoid Receptor CB2, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha and TRPV1 Ion Channels

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35153513/

​

2022: A thematic analysis the experience of patients using cannabis for pain

What are the experiences of patients using cannabis for pain? A systematic review of qualitative studies

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876382021008167

​

2022: An analysis of real-world patient data about cannabis for chronic refractory pain

Medicinal Cannabis for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Pain: An Investigation of the Adverse Event Profile and Health-Related Quality of Life Impact of an Oral Formulation

https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/521492

​

2022: A mixed-method analysis shows how people are using cannabis for pain management

A mixed methods analysis of cannabis use routines for chronic pain management

https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=DJ2022074947

​

2022: A look at novel FAAH inhibitors for the treatment of chronic pain 

Identifying FAAH Inhibitors as New Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of Chronic Pain through Drug Repurposing

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35056095/

​

2022: In mice with neuropathic pain, CBD combined well with THCV to lessen pair via the CB1 receptor & a serotonin receptor

Role of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rodents

https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr437461

​

2022: In a mouse model of pain & opioid addiction, a look at the effects of CBD & a novel CBD derivative (CBD-val-HS)

Differential Effects of Cannabidiol and a Novel Cannabidiol Analog on Oxycodone Place Preference and Analgesia in Mice: an Opioid Abuse Deterrent with Analgesic Properties

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34962133/

​

2022: Data from a medical cannabis app shows that inhaled cannabis reduces self-reported pain severity by ~45%

A Large-Scale Naturalistic Examination of the Acute Effects of Cannabis on Pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998864/

​

2022: For chronic pain conditions, THC & CBD improved pain scores as well as quality of life

UK Medical Cannabis registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for chronic pain conditions

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937477/

Here’s the summary study of their entire analysis

An Updated Analysis of Clinical Outcome Measures Across Patients From the UK Medical Cannabis Registry

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35073160/

​

2022: This analysis looks at how chronic pain patients utilize medical cannabis products

A mixed methods analysis of cannabis use routines for chronic pain management

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35016733/

​

2022: This single-center prospective study found that medical cannabis helped to reduce opioid use in chronic pain patients

Medical Cannabis Used as an Alternative Treatment for Chronic Pain Demonstrates Reduction in Chronic Opioid Use - A Prospective Study

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35051158/

​

2022: In humans with chronic back pain, the use of medical cannabis reduced opioid prescriptions

Medical Cannabis Use Reduces Opioid Prescriptions in Patients With Chronic Back Pain

https://www.cureus.com/articles/82949-medical-cannabis-use-reduces-opioid-prescriptions-in-patients-with-chronic-back-pain

​

2022: A survey of chronic pain patients finds medical cannabis certification associated with decreased opiate use

Medical Cannabis Certification Is Associated With Decreased Opiate Use in Patients With Chronic Pain: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Delaware

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35004055/

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2022: In mice with neuropathic pain from chemotherapy treatment, a CBD analog reduced mechanical & cold allodynia (pain from extreme sensitivity) via the PPARγ receptors which regulate genetic transcription

The Cannabidiol Analog PECS-101 Prevents Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain via PPARγ Receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904193/

​

2022: In a rat model of pain, the use of NSAIDs caused pain reduction via the endorphin & endocannabinoid systems

Endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems contribute to antinociception produced by administration of NSAIDs into the insular cortex of rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32916536/

​

2022: In mice with pain, the use of curcumin reduced pain via the endorphin & endocannabinoid systems

Curcumin induces peripheral antinociception by opioidergic and cannabinoidergic mechanism: Pharmacological evidence

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35032552/

​

2022: In humans with peripheral neuropathy, a double-blind study showed topical CBD oil caused “significant improvement in pain and other disturbing sensations”

The Effectiveness of Topical Cannabidiol Oil in Symptomatic Relief of Peripheral Neuropathy of the Lower Extremities

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31793418/

​

2021: In rats, the ability of the coffee terpene kahweol to lessen pain is mediated by the endocannabinoid system

Kahweol, a natural diterpene from coffee, induces peripheral antinociception by endocannabinoid system activation

https://www.bjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1414-431X-bjmbr-54-12-e11071/1414-431X-bjmbr-54-12-e11071.pdf

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2021: In humans with pain, a small amount of THC (2.5 to 10 mg) helps an opioid painkiller to work better

Within-subject, double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled evaluation of the combined effects of the cannabinoid dronabinol and the opioid hydromorphone in a human laboratory pain model

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33879842/

​

2021: In a mouse that has CB2 receptors that glow in the dark, the amount of receptors present in the skin led the researchers to view the CB2 receptor as a target for the neuropathic pain of chemotherapy

A peripheral CB2 cannabinoid receptor mechanism suppresses chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy

https://journals.lww.com/pain/Abstract/9000/A_peripheral_CB2_cannabinoid_receptor_mechanism.97875.aspx

​

2021: In a rat model of migraines, inhibiting both the FAAH enzyme (which breaks down anandamide) & the MAGL enzyme (that breaks down 2-AG) leads to less pain-associated behavior as well as gene activation related to inflammatory cytokines

Dual Inhibition of FAAH and MAGL Counteracts Migraine-like Pain and Behavior in an Animal Model of Migraine

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/10/2543/htm

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2021: In mice, the ability of CB2 receptor activation to lessen pain seems to be mediated by TRPV1 receptors in the spinal column

Peripherally administered cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB 2 R) agonists lose anti-allodynic effects in TRPV1 knockout mice, while intrathecal administration leads to anti-allodynia and reduced GFAP, CCL2 and TRPV1 expression in the dorsal spinal cord and DRG

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34774500/

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2021: In orthopedic patients, medical cannabis use “was associated with clinical improvements in pain, function, and quality of life with reductions in prescription drug use”

Perceived Efficacy, Reduced Prescription Drug Use, and Minimal Side Effects of Cannabis in Patients with Chronic Orthopedic Pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34767730/

​

2021: In sensory neurons, CBD & CBG reduced responses to the ‘spicy’ molecule capsaicin & why that might be helpful for pain

Dose-Related Inhibition of Capsaicin Responses by Cannabinoids CBG, CBD, THC and their Combination in Cultured Sensory Neurons

https://www.dovepress.com/dose-related-inhibition-of-capsaicin-responses-by-cannabinoids-cbg-cbd-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR

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2021: In mice with neurotoxicity from treatment with the chemotherapy drug oxaliplatin, activating their CB1 receptor reduced the associated peripheral neuropathic pain

Endocannabinoid System Attenuates Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy Through the Activation of CB1 Receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34792764/

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2021: In mice with no CB1 receptors in their sensory neurons, this research suggests using CB1 agonists that are restricted to the periphery for the treatment of pain

Role of primary sensory neurone cannabinoid type-1 receptors in pain and the analgesic effects of the peripherally acting agonist CB-13 in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34844727/

​

2021: In mice with pain, CBD helped more in males than in females – and showed no synergistic effect with morphine

Evaluating the Antinociceptive Efficacy of Cannabidiol Alone or in Combination with Morphine Using the Formalin Test in Male and Female Mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34846928/

​

2021: In a rat model of osteoarthritis, PEA reduced knee joint swelling, cartilage degradation & inflammatory markers

Anti-inflammatory activity of palmitoylethanolamide ameliorates osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate in Sprague-Dawley rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34468900/

​

2021: In the blood of dogs, they measured the effects of CBD & found it to be anti-inflammatory & immuno-modulating

Effect of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Canine Inflammatory Response: An Ex Vivo Study on LPS Stimulated Whole Blood

https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/8/9/185

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2021: In rats with nerve injuries, the ability of exercise to lower their pain seems to be at least partially mediated by the endocannabinoid system lowering their inflammatory response

Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia Profile in a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model Predicts Pain Severity Following Infraorbital Nerve Injury and Is Associated with Local Cytokine Levels, Systemic Endocannabinoids, and Endogenous Opioids

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34398938/

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2021: In a mouse model of inflammatory pain, treatment with JNK (a novel pain inhibitor) works via the CB2 receptor in females & by both the CB1 & CB2 receptor in males

Sex and dose-dependent antinociceptive effects of the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor SU 3327 are mediated by CB2 receptors in female, and CB1/CB2 receptors in male mice in an inflammatory pain model

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0361923021002677

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2021: In mice with no Alpha/Beta-Hydrolase Domain 6 (ABHD6 – an enzyme that degrades 2-AG), they had to urinate more frequently & were more sensitive to mechanical pain

Phenotypic Characterization of the Endocannabinoid-Degrading Enzyme Alpha/Beta-Hydrolase Domain 6 Knockout Rat

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34468198/

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2021: In humans with arthritis, 30 mg of synthetic CBD not helpful for the pain

Cannabidiol treatment in hand osteoarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34510141/

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2021: In a rat model of migraines, the CB1 receptor & orexin receptor were involved with the resulting anxiety & social dysfunction

The involvement of orexin 1 and cannabinoid 1 receptors within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter in the modulation of migraine-induced anxiety and social behavior deficits of rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34560171/

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2021: In rat livers, NSAIDs act as inhibitors of the FAAH enzyme & that may be part of the reason for their modulation of pain

Assessment of NSAIDS as Potential Inhibitors of the Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase I (FAAH-1) using Three Different Primary Fatty Acid Amide Substrates In Vitro

https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-728085/v1/9d99d13a-44b8-4acf-9e76-d8ce70ae8584.pdf?c=1628260454

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2021: In people with chronic pain, cannabis reduced their use of opioids

Risk and benefit of cannabis prescription for chronic non-cancer pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34338621/

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2021: A survey of spinal patients found that many of them found CBD helpful for treating their pain, improving their sleep & reducing their anxiety

Prevalence of Cannabidiol Use in Patients With Spine Complaints: Results of an Anonymous Survey

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34285125/

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2021: In diabetic humans with painful neuropathy in their feet, 20 mg of water solubilized CBD reduced pain, improved sleep & reduced anxiety

Cannabidiol (CBD) For the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy of the Feet: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial

https://www.longdom.org/abstract/cannabidiol-cbd-for-the-treatment-of-painful-diabetic-peripheral-neuropathy-of-the-feet-a-placebocontrolled-doubleblind--77161.html

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2021: In a rat model of tonic pain, the injection of CBD into the brain’s nucleus accumbens (a major mediating center of analgesics for pain) lessened the pain response & suggests CBD as a treatment for inflammatory pain

Cannabidiol microinjection into the nucleus accumbens attenuated nociceptive behaviors in an animal model of tonic pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324957/

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2021: In humans with nerve pain due to rheumatic disease, a combination of PEA & acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC – a dietary supplement that is naturally produced in the human body) caused a significant decrease in pain

The synergistic effect of palmitoylethanolamide and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of peripheral neuropathies secondary to rheumatic diseases

https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-orthopedics/article.php?cod=R14Y2021N03A0336

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2021: In a rat’s aorta, the drug affinin (a painkiller with a structure similar to anandamide) appears to act via the CB1, TRPV1 & TRPA1 receptors to cause vasodilation in the heart

Endothelial TRP channels and cannabinoid receptors are involved in affinin-induced vasodilation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34237389/

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2021: In rats with depression from traumatic nerve pain, the injury seems to lower the levels of cannabinoids & lead to behavioral depression

Dynamic Change of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Controls the Development of Depression after Neuropathic Pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34244365/

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2021: In humans, a test of CBD for pain found it safe & well-tolerated

The dose-dependent analgesic effects, abuse liability, safety and tolerability of oral cannabidiol in healthy humans

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34223660/

​

2021: In a mouse model of post-surgical pain, β-Caryophyllene (the terpene most often found in the hemp plant & our products) inhibited the MAGL enzyme & thus increased 2-AG levels to help treat the pain

β-Caryophyllene inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase activity and increases 2-AG levels: a new mechanism of endocannabinoid-mediated analgesia?

https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.22541/au.162539258.80061327

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2021: In rats with nerve injuries, CBD helped with pain & symptoms of depression via the serotonin receptors & CB1 receptors

Cannabidiol in the prelimbic cortex modulates the comorbid condition between the chronic neuropathic pain and depression-like behaviour in rats: The role of medial prefrontal cortex 5-HT 1A and CB 1 receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34192579/

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2021: In a rat model of neuropathic pain, CBD helped on several different measures of pain & anxiety

Cannabidiol effectively reverses mechanical and thermal allodynia, hyperalgesia, and anxious behaviors in a neuropathic pain model: Possible role of CB1 and TRPV1 receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34274349/

​

2021: This survey of Canadian cannabis clinics found CBD helped for pain, anxiety & depression in moderate & severe cases but not mild cases

Cannabidiol use and effectiveness: real-world evidence from a Canadian medical cannabis clinic

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34162446/

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2021: In a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, CBD helped with their musculoskeletal pain

Cannabidiol has therapeutic potential for myofascial pain in female and male parkinsonian rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246682/

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2021: In rats getting chemotherapy, anandamide helped to protect against the neuropathic pain

Protective effects of anandamide against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34118805/

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2021: In pain sensing neurons of the mouse, CBD inhibited their firing via sodium channels, thus causing the cells to produce less pain signals

Cannabidiol inhibition of murine primary nociceptors: Tight binding to slow inactivated states of Nav1.8 channels

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34131037/

 

2021: In humans, one dose of 800 mg of CBD did not alter their pain levels

Pain response to cannabidiol in induced acute nociceptive pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia by using a model mimicking acute pain in healthy adults in a randomized trial (CANAB I)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34086631/

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2021: In various cell types, CBD acted as an antioxidant in healthy cells & as a killer in cancer cells

New Insights on Hemp Oil Enriched in Cannabidiol: Decarboxylation, Antioxidant Properties and In Vitro Anticancer Effect

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34067035/

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2021: In rodents, an extract of cannabis roots helped to control pain & inflammation as well as causing antiasthmatic activity

Investigation of antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiasthmatic and spasmolytic activities of Brazilian Cannabis sativa L. roots in rodents

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34058314/

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2021: Among orthopedic doctors focused on trauma, a majority of them thought cannabis & CBD were useful for postoperative pain - although they didn't feel knowledgeable about the mechanisms

Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872227/

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2021: A survey of 7 pain management clinics in SoCal found a predominantly positive attitude about CBD for pain relief

Cannabidiol as a Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Survey of Patients’ Perspectives and Attitudes

https://www.dovepress.com/cannabidiol-as-a-treatment-for-chronic-pain-a-survey-of-patientsrsquo--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR

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2021: In rats, the use of morphine increased the number of CB2 in the spinal dorsal horn (one of the 3 columns of the spinal cord)

Morphine Induces Upregulation of Neuronally Expressed CB2 Receptors in the Spinal Dorsal Horn of Rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33912678/

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2021: β-Caryophyllene, usually the most common terpene cannabis, improves oxidative stress & helps with malfunctioning mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)

Improvement of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction by β-Caryophyllene: A Focus on the Nervous System

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/4/546

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2021: In rats with neuropathic pain, an endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor lessens the pain

Inhibitory effect of intrathecally administered AM404, an endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor, on neuropathic pain in a rat chronic constriction injury model

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33783763/

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2021: In rats, a look at the pharmacology of how endorphins & endocannabinoids control pain

Endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems modulate the muscle pain: a pharmacological study into the peripheral site

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33826922/

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2021: In a mouse model of pain, three of the main cannabis terpenes helped to reduce pain, possibly via the cannabinoid receptors

Evaluation of the Terpenes β-caryophyllene, α-terpineol, and γ-terpinene in the Mouse Chronic Constriction Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain: Possible Cannabinoid Receptor Involvement

https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.S1.01643

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2021: In brain slices from rats, persistent inflammation lowers the number of CB1 receptors in the rostral ventromedial medulla (a brain region related to pain signaling)

Persistent Inflammation Reduces Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Function in the Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray

https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.S1.02474

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2021: In a mouse model of neuropathic pain, THC & CBD both helped with pain - though they displayed less synergy than expected

Oral efficacy of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in a mouse neuropathic pain model

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33741405/

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2021: In mouse models of pain, the combination of full-spectrum hemp extracts & PEA reduced pain greatly

Palmitoylethanolamide and hemp oil extract exert synergistic anti-nociceptive effects in mouse models of acute and chronic pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33722712/

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2021: In mice, inflammatory pain causes more CB1 receptors in the pain area of the brain

Effects of inflammatory pain on CB1 receptor in the midbrain periaqueductal gray

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33693301/

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2021: These pain doctors surveyed their patients about the amount of pain relief reported from using cannabinoids

Perception and Belief on Cannabinoids: A Comparative Study of Rheumatology Patients and Primary Care Physicians on the Use of Cannabinoids for Pain Management

https://www.cureus.com/articles/42623-perception-and-belief-on-cannabinoids-a-comparative-study-of-rheumatology-patients-and-primary-care-physicians-on-the-use-of-cannabinoids-for-pain-management

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2021: In a rat model of inflammatory pain, PEA combined well with acetyl-l-carnitine (LAC)

Effect of Ultra-Micronized-Palmitoylethanolamide and Acetyl-l-Carnitine on Experimental Model of Inflammatory Pain

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/1967/htm

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2021: In rats, CBD combined with bioflavonoids for osteoarthritis

Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol Alone and in Combination with Standardized Bioflavonoid Composition

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33570460/

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2021: In a survey of humans with osteoarthritis in their hips & knees, a quarter of them endorsed the use of CBD products

Prevalence of Cannabinoid Use in Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7861619/

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2021: In a rat model of osteoarthritis, activating the CB2 receptor helped to control pain & bone degeneration

CB2 agonism controls pain and subchondral bone degeneration induced by mono-iodoacetate: Implications GPCR functional bias and tolerance development

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33482616/

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2021: In rats exposed to heat stress, the endocannabinoid system interacts with the serotonin system to modulate the pain

Interactions between the cannabinoid and the serotonergic systems in modulation of pain perception

https://pharmacia.pensoft.net/article/49219/

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2021: In a mouse model of neuropathic pain, the pain-relieving properties of gabapentin are mediated by the endocannabinoid system

Role of the endocannabinoid system on the antihyperalgesic action of gabapentin in animal model of neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33331440/

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2020: In neuronal cells, cannabinoids like AEA & 2-AG protect from the inflammation & cell death caused by oxidative stress

Cannabinoid-profiled agents improve cell survival via reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and Nrf2 activation in a toxic model combining hyperglycemia+Aβ1-42 peptide in rat hippocampal neurons

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018620302084

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2020: In the islet cells of the pancreas (producers of insulin), THC & CBD both helped to reduce the level of free radicals

Cannabinoids as anti-ROS in aged pancreatic islet cells

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320520307190

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2020: In brain cells of rats experiencing neurotoxicity, both CBD & CBG rescued serotonin levels & acted as antioxidants – but only CBD helped to repair the release of neurotransmitters

Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat CTX-TNA2 Astrocytes and Isolated Cortexes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443623/

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2020: We're still not exactly sure how NSAIDS like ibuprofen work - but this study suggests the involvement of the cannabinoid & opioid system in the limbic areas of the brain

Endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems contribute to antinociception produced by administration of NSAIDs into the insular cortex of rats

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S075333222030915X

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2020: In mice, activating the CB2 receptor helped with pain via the microglia (the brain's immune cells)

Low-dose cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist induces microglial activation in a cancer pain-morphine tolerance rat model

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320520313886

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2020: In rat neurons, how CBD causes pain relief via the TRPV1 receptors

CBD Effects on TRPV1 Signaling Pathways in Cultured DRG Neurons

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32982390/

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2020: In mice with bone cancer pain, activation of the CB2 receptor lowered pain & improved the functioning of the blood-spinal cord barrier

Spinal cannabinoid receptor 2 activation reduces hypersensitivity associated with bone cancer pain and improves the integrity of the blood–spinal cord barrier

https://rapm.bmj.com/content/early/2020/08/12/rapm-2019-101262.abstract

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2020: In rats with induced diabetes, activation of the CB1 or CB2 receptor helps with pain

Spinal cannabinoid CB1 or CB2 receptors activation attenuates mechanical allodynia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32804775/

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2020: In this intriguing study in cells, the presence of cholesterol is critical to the ability of the cannabinoids to lower pain

Cholesterol regulates cannabinoid analgesia through glycine receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32712277/

This effect works via the glycine receptors - which is another system that CBD interacts with.

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2020: In rats, treatment with morphine increased the CB2 receptors in their spine - this suggests a combination of opioids & cannabinoids like CBD for safer, more effective pain treatment

Morphine Induces Upregulation of Neuronally Expressed CB2 Receptors in the Spinal Dorsal Horn of Rats

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/can.2020.0004

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2020: A review of how NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) may be lowering pain & inflammation via the ECS

Non-opioid Analgesics and the Endocannabinoid System

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32551466/

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2020: Computer modeling of the pathways CBD uses to protect against inflammation

A Network Pharmacology Approach to Identify Potential Molecular Targets for Cannabidiol's Anti-Inflammatory Activity

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2020.0025

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2020: In mouth cells, activating the CB2 receptor helped with inflammation & suggests a use for oral inflammatory diseases

Cannabinoid type‐2 receptor agonist, inverse agonist, and anandamide regulation of inflammatory responses in IL‐1β stimulated primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jre.12765

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2020: In mouth cells, the terpene β-Caryophyllene reduced inflammation via the CB2 receptor

β-Caryophyllene Reduces the Inflammatory Phenotype of Periodontal Cells by Targeting CB2 Receptors

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/8/6/164

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2020: In white blood cells, inhibition of breaking down 2-AG decreases inflammation

Endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibition unmasks that unsaturated fatty acids induce a robust synthesis of 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and its congeners in human myeloid leukocytes

https://www.jimmunol.org/content/204/1_Supplement/144.28

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2020: In mice with mucositis (oral lesions, often from chemotherapy), CBD protected the mouth via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity as well as speeding repair

Cannabidiol on 5-FU-induced Oral Mucositis in Mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32400905/

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2020: In mice, activation of CB1 increased secretion of IL-10 while reducing inflammation and organ injury

Activation of CB1R Promotes Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-10 Secretion by Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressive Cells and Reduces Acute Inflammation and Organ Injury

https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/early/2020/05/07/jimmunol.2000213.full.pdf

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2020: In human monocytes (a type of white blood cell), the anti-inflammation effects of CBD are mediated by modulation of the P2X7 inflammasome receptor

Inhibitory Effect of Cannabidiol on the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Is Associated with Its Modulation of the P2X7 Receptor in Human Monocytes

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32374168

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2020: In mice, swimming exercise reduced inflammatory pain via the ECS

High-intensity swimming exercise reduces inflammatory pain in mice by activation of the endocannabinoid system

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358841

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2020: In macrophages (mobile white blood cell), the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense pathogens & then pass on their message via the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) adaptor. Both CBD & THC modulate the MyD88 signaling to help with inflammation

MyD88-dependent and -independent signalling via TLR3 and TLR4 are differentially modulated by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in human macrophages

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165572820300576

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2020: In mice, CB1 receptors control pain via pathways in the thalamus

Incerta-thalamic Circuit Controls Nocifensive Behavior via Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32502461/

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2020: In a rare study of gender differences, this mouse study showed that the pain-relieving effects of the cannabinoids was greater in males than females

Evaluation of the Preclinical Analgesic Efficacy of Naturally Derived, Orally Administered Oil Forms of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Cannabidiol (CBD), and Their 1:1 Combination

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32497151/

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2020: In rats, the CB1 receptors are involved in pain signals processed by the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (the brain region known as the primary control center for descending pain modulation) & blocking the CB1 receptors before a painful stimulus increased the learning & memory impairments

Blockage of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter cannabinoid 1 receptor increases dental pulp pain and pain-related subsequent learning and memory deficits in rats

https://journals.lww.com/behaviouralpharm/Abstract/9000/Blockage_of_ventrolateral_periaqueductal_gray.99177.aspx

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2019: in tissue culture, CBD extracts & isolated CBD both inhibited inflammatory leukocytes – both effect cell migration and TNF-α production but the extract is more potent - but isolated CBD better for lowering reactive oxygen species production

A Novel Standardized Cannabis sativa L. Extract and Its Constituent Cannabidiol Inhibit Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Functions

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013912/

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2019: CB2 receptors in the spinal cord may be involved in pain-reducing effects of exercise

Involvement of Spinal Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in Exercise-Induced Antinociception

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31473278

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2018: In rats, CBDA & THC both lowered pain & inflammation

Effect of cannabidiolic acid and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema in a rodent model of inflammatory pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30225659/

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