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2022: In a mouse model of approach & avoidance to fearful stimuli, the ECS worked with the immune system to control inflammation in the amygdala (a central brain hub for emotional processing, especially fear) as well as modulating synaptic plasticity & neuronal metabolism

Transcriptomic and Network Analyses Reveal Immune Modulation by Endocannabinoids in Approach/Avoidance Traits

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/5/2538

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2022: In humans with borderline & antisocial personality disorders, the strength of the binding of their FAAH enzymes was correlated with neuroticism

Higher trait neuroticism is associated with greater fatty acid amide hydrolase binding in borderline and antisocial personality disorders

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35064143/.

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2022: In a mouse model of memory, the ability of certain serotonin receptors to regulate spatial memory is dependent on a pathway using CB1 & GABA

5-HT3A receptors maintain hippocampal LTP in a CB1 and GABAA receptor- dependent manner for spatial memory

https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bph.15793

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2022: An analysis of medical cannabis patients finds that it helps them with generalized anxiety disorder

UK Medical Cannabis Registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for generalized anxiety disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937473/

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2022: An analysis of the patients in the UK’s Medical Cannabis Registry, they found “treatment to be associated with a relatively low incidence of severe adverse events” & “positive changes following treatment were observed in general, as well as anxiety and sleep-specific, HRQoL [health-related quality of life] outcomes”

An Updated Analysis of Clinical Outcome Measures Across Patients From the UK Medical Cannabis Registry

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35073160/

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2022: Endocannabinoids & endovanilloids balance each other’s actions in the release of stress hormones

Cannabinoid and vanilloid pathways mediate opposing forms of synaptic plasticity in corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35034400/

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2022: A study of anxiety in humans finds that 2-AG levels change in response to stress

Endocannabinoid system reactivity during stress processing in healthy humans

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35090896/

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2022: In a mouse model of fear and anxiety, using orexin to increase 2-AG levels in the amygdala & hippocampus led to less extinction of fearful memories

Amygdalar CB2 cannabinoid receptor mediates fear extinction deficits promoted by orexin-A/hypocretin-1

https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/documents/publicationstatus/73681/preprint_pdf/44a84b235014a31389144200587050ce.pdf

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2022: In female mice with early life stress, CBD reverses their anxiety & depression behaviors via a modulation of brain energy metabolism

Early-life stress induces emotional and molecular alterations in female mice that are partially reversed by cannabidiol

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34973413/

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2022: In female mice with early life stress, CBD reverses their anxiety & depression behaviors via a modulation of brain energy metabolism

Early-life stress induces emotional and molecular alterations in female mice that are partially reversed by cannabidiol

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34973413/

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2022: In a mouse model of depression, LSD combined with CBD to help alleviate depression more than either substance alone

Synergistic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and cannabidiol (CBD)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357426416_P0835_Synergistic_effects_of_lysergic_acid_diethylamide_LSD_and_cannabidiol_CBD

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2022: In a mouse model of depression, CBD prevented depressive behaviors by modulating the differentiation of neural stem cells into less stressful configurations

Cannabidiol prevents depressive-like behaviors through the modulation of neural stem cell differentiation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35212887/

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2022: In humans with PTSD, CBD significantly lowered their stress levels while recalling traumatic events

Effects of cannabidiol on symptoms induced by the recall of traumatic events in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029706/

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2021: In mice with no CB2 receptor, they had an impaired social memory

Cannabinoid receptor 2 deletion influences social memory and synaptic architecture in the hippocampus

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413398/

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2021: In a mouse model of PTSD & aversive memories, this study looks at how CBD works in the brain to help

Medial prefrontal cortex mechanisms of cannabidiol-induced aversive memory reconsolidation impairmentshttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34864001/

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2021: In humans consuming CBD, they saw no negative effects on working memory

Cannabidiol Does Not Cause Significant Changes to Working Memory Performance in the N-Back Task

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/11/1165

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2021: In older mice, THC worked better alone for reversing spatial learning deficits than when combined with CBD because the presence of CBD caused more rapid clearance of the THC

Efficacy of Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Alone or in Combination With a 1:1 Ratio of Cannabidiol (CBD) in Reversing the Spatial Learning Deficits in Old Mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34526890/

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2021: In mice with memory impairment from the calcium channel blocker verapamil, a blocker of the CB1 receptor (similar to CBD) helps to counter the negative memory effects

The interactive effects of verapamil and CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, AM251 on passive avoidance learning and memory in rat

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34845169/

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2021: In mice, the link between gut microbiome & mental health is mediated by the endocannabinoid system

Effect of gut microbiota on depressive-like behaviors in mice is mediated by the endocannabinoid system

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19931-2

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2021: In humans, this cohort analysis found that the diversity of your gut microbiome was related to your happiness & motivation via the endocannabinoid system, especially via PEA (an endocannabinoid)

Endocannabinoid system mediates the association between gut-microbial diversity and anhedonia/amotivation in a general population cohort

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34002020/

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2021: In humans, a trial of the effect of CBD & THC on emotions, cognition & attention

Effects of Cannabidiol and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Emotion, Cognition, and Attention: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Experimental Trial in Healthy Volunteers

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33304282/

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2020: In patients with borderline personality disorder, they tended to have more FAAH enzyme in their prefrontal cortex

Elevated Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase in the Prefrontal Cortex of Borderline Personality Disorder: A [ 11 C]CURB Positron Emission Tomography Study

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521537/

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2020: In humans with OCD, THC & CBD did not lower the tics but they did lessen anxiety (12 participants in a randomized, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study)

Acute effects of cannabinoids on symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A human laboratory study

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32383271/

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2020: In humans, yoga & meditation are good for your ECS

Inner Engineering Practices and Advanced 4-day Isha Yoga Retreat Are Associated with Cannabimimetic Effects with Increased Endocannabinoids and Short-Term and Sustained Improvement in Mental Health: A Prospective Observational Study of Meditators

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7293737/

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2020: In prairie voles (a model organism of sociality), increasing anandamide levels caused female prairie voles to spend more time with males, both friends & strangers

Effects of systemic endocannabinoid manipulation on social and exploratory behavior in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33130926/

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2020: In humans who attempt suicide, they have higher serum levels of AEA & PEA than similar cases in psychiatric care

Serum endocannabinoid levels in suicide attempters: A pilot study

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32994115/

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2020: In rats separated from their mothers & then isolated in adolescence, the dopamine & endocannabinoid systems of their brains were rewired & increased their tendency to alcoholism

Maternal separation plus social isolation during adolescence reprogram brain dopamine and endocannabinoid systems and facilitate alcohol intake in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32784005/

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2020: In mice, sociability is partially regulated by the ECS in the amygdala

An endocannabinoid-regulated basolateral amygdala-nucleus accumbens circuit modulates sociability

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31874107/

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2020: In the brain regions related to social attachment in voles, the density of CB1 receptors were higher in the monogamous prairie voles than in the promiscuous meadow voles

Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Densities Reflect Social Organization in Microtus

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.24996

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2020: In rats, the relationship of the CB1 receptor to memory formation

Effect of the Endocannabinoid System in Memory Updating and Forgetting

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32739508/

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2020: In rat brains, the ECS contributes to long-term depression (the downregulation of neural signals)

Endocannabinoid receptors contribute significantly to multiple forms of long-term depression in the rat dentate gyrus

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817304/

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2020: From slices of rat brain, they found how the ECS controls the synapses involved in memory formation

Temporal Gating of Synaptic Competition in the Amygdala by Cannabinoid Receptor Activation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32163129/

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2020: In mice, the activation of CB1 during exercise helps to enhance learning & memory via glutamate, BDNF and an increased number of dendrites

The endocannabinoid system regulates the moderate exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31974335/

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2020: In tissue samples, we learn how 2-AG helps to regulate the brain plasticity via the dopamine pathway

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and D1 dopamine receptors regulate diacylglycerol lipase-α and synaptic 2-arachidonoyl glycerol signaling

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31985073

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2020: In rats addicted to meth, CBD protected from the memory loss of the drug

Neuroprotective effect of chronic administration of cannabidiol during the abstinence period on methamphetamine-induced impairment of recognition memory in the rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32032100

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2020: In humans, THC affected various emotional & attentional scores while CBD did not

Effects of Cannabidiol and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Emotion, Cognition, and Attention: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Experimental Trial in Healthy Volunteers

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33304282/

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2020: In mice, exercise enhances learning & memory via the ECS's effect on glutamate & BDNF (a brain growth factor)

Exercise enhances learning and memory: the role of endogenous cannabinoid system

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31974335

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2020: In rat brains, the interplay of GABA and cannabinoids mediate the amnesia effects of morphine

GABA-cannabinoid interplays in the dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala mediate morphine-induced amnesia

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31981675

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2020: In rats, CBD helps protects against the cognitive impairment of ketamine

Cannabidiol Improves Cognitive Impairment and Reverses Cortical Transcriptional Changes Induced by Ketamine, in Schizophrenia-Like Model in Rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31823199

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2020: In rats, how running on a treadmill repairs memory impairment via the ECS

Treadmill exercise improves LPS-induced memory impairments via endocannabinoid receptors and cyclooxygenase enzymes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31863846/

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2019: In mice, CBD caused no detrimental effects on memory, motor performance or anxiety

Prolonged Cannabidiol Treatment Lacks on Detrimental Effects on Memory, Motor Performance and Anxiety in C57BL/6J Mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31133833/

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2019: In stressed rats, CB1 modulates the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the memory

Cannabinoid receptor type 1 modulates the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on memory of stressed rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31637966

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2019: In songbirds, CBD helps their recovery of singing abilities after a brain injury

Cannabidiol improves vocal learning-dependent recovery from, and reduces magnitude of deficits following, damage to a cortical-like brain region in a songbird pre-clinical animal model

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31325430/

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2019: In aged mice, CB2 activation by β-caryophyllene (the most common terpene in cannabis) improves memory

The cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist, β-caryophyllene, improves working memory and reduces circulating levels of specific proinflammatory cytokines in aged male mice

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31173795

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2019: In mice, memory deficits from chronic CB1 activation is prevented by a blocker of adenosine

Memory deficits induced by chronic cannabinoid exposure are prevented by adenosine A 2A R receptor antagonism

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31103616/

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2018: In regular cannabis users, 200 mg of CBD per day caused less depressive & psychotic symptoms as well as improved scores in attentional switching, verbal learning & memory

Therapeutic Effects of Prolonged Cannabidiol Treatment on Psychological Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Regular Cannabis Users: A Pragmatic Open-Label Clinical Trial

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29607408/

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2017: In humans, CBD does not dampen emotional responses

Cannabidiol Does Not Dampen Responses to Emotional Stimuli in Healthy Adults

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28861510

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2016: In mice, CB1 helps to regulate habit formation

Endocannabinoid Modulation of Orbitostriatal Circuits Gates Habit Formation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27238866/

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2016: In rats, anandamide mediates optimistic judgements

Anandamide mediates cognitive judgement bias in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26363193/

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2015: In rodents, blocking MAGL and raising 2AG inhibits learning and memory – but produces painkilling effects

Selective blockade of the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol impairs learning and memory performance while producing antinociceptive activity in rodents

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560837

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2015: in humans, THC impairs the recognition of facial emotions while combining THC with CBD caused no impairment

Acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and their combination on facial emotion recognition: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in cannabis users

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25534187

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2014: In mice with induced OCD, CBD decreased marble-burying behavior

Cannabidiol reverses the mCPP-induced increase in marble-burying behavior

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24118015/

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2013: In stressed rats, cannabinoids help prevents the harms to plasticity and short-term memory

Cannabinoids ameliorate impairments induced by chronic stress to synaptic plasticity and short-term memory

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426383/

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2013: In monkeys, CBD protects from deficits of THC on memory, learning and motor skills

Cannabidiol attenuates deficits of visuospatial associative memory induced by Δ(9) tetrahydrocannabinol

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23550724

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2012: In rats, a single dose of CBD rescued the memory after impairment from an iron overload

Memory-rescuing effects of cannabidiol in an animal model of cognitive impairment relevant to neurodegenerative disorders

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870037

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2012: In rats & mice, a look at the effects of CBD & other cannabinoids on OCD

Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796370

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2010: In mice, CBD causes less OCD behavior via the CB1 receptor

Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behaviour: involvement of CB1 receptors

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20695034

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2010: in two patients, high levels of CBD for ~30 days was well tolerated but not effective for their bipolar disorder

Cannabidiol was ineffective for manic episode of bipolar affective disorder

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18801823

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2010: In humans, CBD protected from the amnesia effects of THC

Impact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study: naturalistic study [corrected]

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20884951/

2010: comment

Does cannabidiol protect against the negative effects of THC?

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20884945/

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2010: In testing of human cannabis smokers, CBD seemed to attenuate memory deficits caused by THC

Impact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20884951

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2009: Brain scans of the effects from THC & CBD

Distinct effects of {delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on neural activation during emotional processing

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124693/

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2006: In mice, CBD extracts did not reverse memory deficits caused by cholinergic  (scopolamine) or glutamatergic (MK801) insults

Scopolamine and MK801-induced working memory deficits in rats are not reversed by CBD-rich cannabis extracts

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16406104/

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2004: In rats, THC extracts caused problems for spatial working/short-term memory but CBD extracts did not

Differential effects of THC- or CBD-rich cannabis extracts on working memory in rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567426

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