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2023: In a case report on complex dissociative PTSD, very positive effects from cannabis assisted psychotherapy
Cannabis-assisted psychotherapy for complex dissociative posttraumatic stress disorder: A case report
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947284/

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2023: In a mouse model of PTSD, using CBD nanovesicles with ultrasound to help them across the blood-brain barrier for targeted brain delivery
Cannabidiol-loaded biomimetic macrophage membrane vesicles against post-traumatic stress disorder assisted by ultrasound
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36958611/
 

2023: In a rat model of PTSD, inhibiting the FAAH enzyme lowered their freezing time & showed anti-anxiety & antidepressant effects
Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 suppressed conditioned and sensitized fear responses in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0023969023000036

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2023: In a rat model of PTSD, an ultra-low dose of THC reduced the fear response via the hippocampus (memory center)
Effects of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol on fear memory labilization and reconsolidation: A putative role of GluN2B-NMDA receptor within the dorsal hippocampus
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36549374/

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2022: In humans with PTSD, CBD significantly lowered their stress levels while recalling traumatic events

Effects of cannabidiol on symptoms induced by the recall of traumatic events in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029706/

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2022: In humans with PTSD, a low dose of THC helped with emotional processing during an emotional regulation task
Cannabinoid modulation of brain activation during volitional regulation of negative affect in trauma-exposed adults
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35981598

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2022: In humans with PTSD, 10 mg of THC helped with problems in the limbic (emotional) system while 5 mg decreased activation of the amygdala (fear center)
Varying Doses of THC Rescue Neural Fear Circuitry Dysfunction in Trauma-Exposed Adults
https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(22)00978-7/fulltext

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2022: In humans, a pilot study showed that THC helped to extinguish fear conditioning induced by visual stimuli & electric shocks
Facilitated extinction of conditioned fear responses by delta 9-tetrahyrdrocannabidol in humans: a pilot study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35983959

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2022: A diary study of using cannabis for PTSD & to help with sleep with CBD-rich products helping the most to lower early awakenings
Posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep and medical cannabis treatment: A daily diary study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36182689

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2022: In a review of the UK cannabis registry, those with PTSD using cannabinoids saw significant improvements in PTSD symptoms, sleep & anxiety
Assessment of clinical outcomes in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36503404/

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2022: In women with PTSD, their genetic variant of FAAH (the enzyme that breaks down anandamide) influences their response to fear

The influence of FAAH genetic variation on physiological, cognitive, and neural signatures of fear acquisition and extinction learning in women with PTSD

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34952353/

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2022: A longitudinal study looks at the levels of AEA & 2-AG in those with PTSD

Circulating endocannabinoids and genetic polymorphisms as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity: heterogeneity in a community-based cohort

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35105857/

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2022: In a mouse model of PTSD, CBD helped to lower their fear response & anxiety
Cannabidiol Prevents Spontaneous Fear Recovery after Extinction and Ameliorates Stress-Induced Extinction Resistance
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36012600

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2022: In female rats, CBD helped to block them from storing fearful memories via the CB1 receptor
Cannabidiol impairs fear memory reconsolidation in female rats through dorsal hippocampus CB1 but not CB2 receptor interaction
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36049316

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2022: In female rats exposed to fear conditioning, CBD reduced their anxiety responses via the dopamine/serotonin axis in the hippocampus (memory center)
Cannabidiol attenuates fear memory expression in female rats via hippocampal 5-HT1A but not CB1 or CB2 receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36334768

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2022: In a rat stressed out by the smell of a predator (a model of PTSD), CBD helped to lower unconditioned – but not conditioned - fear
The Divergent Effects of CDPPB and Cannabidiol on Fear Extinction and Anxiety in a Predator Scent Stress Model of PTSD in Rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31133832

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2022: In a mouse model of PTSD, a comparison of CBD with sertraline (an SSRI) found that CBD reduced the “the consolidation, retrieval, and reconsolidation of trauma-related fear memory” (while sertraline only reduced fear-memory retrieval) & that CBD was effective whether given before, during or after the trauma while sertraline was only effective if given before
Comparison between cannabidiol and sertraline for the modulation of post-traumatic stress disorder-like behaviors and fear memory in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35396940/

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2022: In this rat model of PTSD, they look at how THC & CBD might affect the stress responses

Cannabinoid use is enhanced by stress and changes conditioned stress responses

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35145212/

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2021: In a mouse model of PTSD & aversive memories, this study looks at how CBD works in the brain to help

Medial prefrontal cortex mechanisms of cannabidiol-induced aversive memory reconsolidation impairments

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34864001/

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2021: In female mice, CBD was superior to the SSRI citalopram for extinguishing fearful memories

Comparison of cannabidiol to citalopram in targeting fear memory in female mice

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42238-020-00055-9

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2021: In humans with PTSD, the ability of exercise to help reduce threat expectancy is mediated via anandamide & BDNF (an important brain growth factor regulated by the ECS)

Exercise-induced increases in Anandamide and BDNF during extinction consolidation contribute to reduced threat following reinstatement: Preliminary evidence from a randomized controlled trial

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453021002298

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2021: In humans, genetic differences in their CB1 receptors & FAAH enzymes showed that they are involved in forgetting fears

Cannabinoid polymorphisms interact with plasma endocannabinoid levels to predict fear extinction learning

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34151472/

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2021: In humans, a certain genetic variant of FAAH (the enzyme that breaks down anandamide) is linked to how much people process fear & their susceptibility to PTSD

A common genetic variant in fatty acid amide hydrolase is linked to alterations in fear extinction neural circuitry in a racially diverse, nonclinical sample of adults
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051704/

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2021: In a female mouse model of PTSD, anandamide & 2-AG caused opposite effects in fear expression & fear extinction

Sex-dependent effects of endocannabinoid modulation of conditioned fear extinction in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33314038/

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2020: When mice are panicked at the sight of pit vipers, here's how the CB1 receptor modulates the signals

The modulation of striatonigral and nigrotectal pathways by CB1 signalling in the substantia nigra pars reticulata regulates panic elicited in mice by urutu-cruzeiro lancehead pit vipers

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33171147/

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2020: In Canadian soldiers with PTSD, nabilone (synthetic THC) found to be helpful for their nightmares

Use of a synthetic cannabinoid (nabilone) in the ongoing management of posttraumatic stress disorder nightmares in the Canadian Armed Forces: Results of an anonymous online survey

https://jmvfh.utpjournals.press/doi/full/10.3138/jmvfh-2019-0028

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2020: In mice, both CBD & CBDA helped with PTSD-type symptoms around fear & trauma

Cannabidiol disrupts conditioned fear expression and cannabidiolic acid reduces trauma-induced anxiety-related behaviour in mice

https://journals.lww.com/behaviouralpharm/Abstract/9000/Cannabidiol_disrupts_conditioned_fear_expression.99176.aspx

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2020: In adults with PTSD, low amounts of THC "lowered threat-related amygdala reactivity, increased mPFC activation during threat, and increased mPFC-amygdala functional coupling"

Cannabinoid modulation of corticolimbic activation to threat in trauma-exposed adults: a preliminary study

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32162103

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2020: In rats with induced panic, CBD injection into the hypothalamus reduced “both panic attack-like behaviours and unconditioned fear-induced antinociception” – effects blocked by a CB1 antagonist

Cannabidiol-induced Panicolytic-Like Effects and Fear-Induced Antinociception Impairment: The Role of the CB 1 Receptor in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31919563/

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2019: A survey in Minnesota showed cannabis caused clinically meaningful reductions in PTSD

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Minnesota Medical Cannabis Program Report

https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/cannabis/about/ptsdreport.html

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2019: In rats, cannabinoid receptors & others are involved in the fear mitigating effects of CBD

A time-dependent contribution of hippocampal CB1, CB2, and PPARγ receptors to cannabidiol-induced disruption of fear memory consolidation

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31648363

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2019: In rats, CBD blocks the consolidation of fearful memories when taken within an hour of trauma

A time-dependent contribution of hippocampal CB 1 , CB 2 and PPARγ receptors to cannabidiol-induced disruption of fear memory consolidation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31648363/

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2019: In humans with PTSD, after exercising their AEA & OEA levels increased but not 2-AG

Loss of exercise- and stress-induced increases in circulating 2-arachidonoylglycerol concentrations in adults with chronic PTSD

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30978371/

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2019: In rats, CBD given up to an hour after trauma reduced fear conditioning – seems to work via CB1, CB2, serotonin, adenosine and PPARγ

A Time-Dependent Contribution of Hippocampal CB 1 , CB 2 and PPARγ Receptors to Cannabidiol-Induced Disruption of Fear Memory Consolidation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31648363/

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2019: In mice, CBD & hemp plant extracts significantly reduced the fear response – while THC did not

Cannabidiol and the Remainder of the Plant Extract Modulate the Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Fear Memory Reconsolidation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31417379/

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2017: In rats, CBD disrupts the consolidation of different fear memories via AEA mediated activity at the CB1 and CB2 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus

Cannabidiol Disrupts the Consolidation of Specific and Generalized Fear Memories via Dorsal Hippocampus CB 1 and CB 2 Receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28754373/

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2017: In rats, an infusion of CBD interrupted fear consolidation 5 hours after the trauma – reduces influence of prefrontal circuit on cortico-limbic circuits

Selective Post-Training Time Window for Memory Consolidation Interference of Cannabidiol Into the Prefrontal Cortex: Reduced Dopaminergic Modulation and Immediate Gene Expression in Limbic Circuits

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28344069/

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2016: In rats, the authors find CBD using a novel circuit in the mesolimbic system that works via serotonin pathways to block the formation of fearful memories that cause a conditioned freeze

Cannabidiol Modulates Fear Memory Formation Through Interactions with Serotonergic Transmission in the Mesolimbic System

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27296152

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2015: In an animal model, THC & CBD can disrupt the reconsolidation (re-saving) of fearful memories

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol alone and combined with cannabidiol mitigate fear memory through reconsolidation disruption

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799920/

 

2014: 10 chronic PTSD patients saw improvement with THC

Preliminary, open-label, pilot study of add-on oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24935052/

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2014: In a human fMRI study, THC helped with extinction recall (14 participants in a a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-subjects design)

Cannabinoid modulation of prefrontal-limbic activation during fear extinction learning and recall in humans

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24055595

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2013: In human placebo trials, THC found to help with fear extinction

Cannabinoid facilitation of fear extinction memory recall in humans

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22796109/

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2013: In humans, examination of circulating endocannabinoid levels after traumatic event (9/11) – 2-AG levels down but not AEA

Reductions in circulating endocannabinoid levels in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder following exposure to the World Trade Center attacks

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24035186

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2012: In rats, CBD as a reconsolidation blocker for fear memories

On disruption of fear memory by reconsolidation blockade: evidence from cannabidiol treatment

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549120/

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2010: In rats, injections of CBD into the prefrontal cortex helped to lessen their conditioned fear

Involvement of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex on cannabidiol-induced attenuation of contextual conditioned fear in rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800921

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2006: In rats, both THC & CBD potentiated the extinction of conditioned incentive learning

Effect of low doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the extinction of cocaine-induced and amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference learning in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15138755/

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