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2022: In exercising males, “CBD appears to alter some key physiological and psychological responses to aerobic exercise without impairing performance”

Effects of Cannabidiol on Exercise Physiology and Bioenergetics: A Randomised Controlled Pilot Trial

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35235092/

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2022: In mice, a combination of diet & exercise improved their ECS & their metabolic function

Effect of diet and physical exercise on endocannabinoid system and energy homeostasis in obese mice

https://e-century.us/files/ijcem/14/3/ijcem0118169.pdf

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2022: In bone stem cells, activating the CB1 receptor reduced inflammation, enhanced calcium deposition & increased the bone growth phenotype (suggesting CBD as a novel therapeutic option for bone regeneration)

Influence of Medical Marijuana on Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Osteogenesis: An in Vitro Study

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2473011421S00447

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2022: This hydrogel loaded with CBD helps bones to repair

Development and Characterization of Cannabidiol-loaded Alginate Copper Hydrogel for Repairing Open Bone Defects in vitro

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927776522000224

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2022: In a tissue model of periodontitis, activating the CB1 receptor improved bone growth & increased energy metabolism

The cannabinoid receptor I (CB1) enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by rescue impaired mitochondrial metabolism function under inflammatory condition

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35063024/

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2022: In mice, CBD helps to promote new bone growth via the lowering of inflammation & the activation of bone stem cells

Cannabidiol Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Inflammatory Microenvironment via the CB2-dependent p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35220282/

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2021: In guinea pigs with osteoarthritis, this study of tissue pharmacokinetics found that orally administered CBD did end up in the cartilage tissue at clinically relevant doses

Plasma and joint tissue pharmacokinetics of two doses of oral cannabidiol oil in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34658021/

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2021: In a rat model of sarcopenia (an age-related disease that causes an accelerated loss of muscle mass & function), they saw altered levels of the endocannabinoids & suggest targeting the endocannabinoid system

Alterations of the endocannabinoid system and circulating and peripheral tissue levels of endocannabinoids in sarcopenic rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34854262/

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2021: In skeletal muscle cells, the CB1 receptors help to control the signaling of the nuclear receptors that modulate genetic transcription

The Impact of CB1 Receptor on Nuclear Receptors in Skeletal Muscle Cells

https://www.mdpi.com/1873-149X/28/4/29

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2021: In rats with bone damage from a loss of blood supply caused by stress hormones, activating the CB2 receptor strengthened new bone production & helped to maintain the blood supply

Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 alleviates glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head with osteogenesis and maintenance of blood supply

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34718335/

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2021: In muscle spasms caused by a cell's voltage-gated sodium channels, CBD lowers their overexcitation by both blocking the channel & also changing the elasticity of the cell's membrane

Cannabidiol inhibits the skeletal muscle Nav1.4 by blocking its pore and by altering membrane elasticity

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33836525/

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2021: A survey of orthopedic doctors focused on trauma about their thoughts on cannabis & CBD for postoperative pain

Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872227/

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2021: In humans with nerve pain from rheumatic diseases, PEA combined well with acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) to lower inflammation & to increase clinical scores

Efficacy of a fixed combination of Palmitoylethanolamide and acetyl-l-carnitine (PEA + ALC FC) in the treatment of Neuropathies secondary to Rheumatic Diseases

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34056884/

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2021: This survey looks at people who exercise to ask them how & why they use CBD & cannabis

Cannabis and Cannabidiol Use in Active Individuals: A Survey of Timing and Reasons for Use

https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijesab/vol14/iss1/53/

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2021: In Greek Navy SEALS undergoing (mindbendingly) strenuous exercise, their levels of anandamide, PEA & oleamide all increased, suggesting an adaptive ability of the ECS in helping with stress & heart-rate

Endocannabinoids and heart rate variability alterations after exposure to prolonged intensive physical exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs

https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/Supplement_1/ehab724.2751/6394752

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2021: In humans, 20 minutes of exercise helped with pain & increased the circulating levels of endocannabinoids & endorphins

Aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction causes local and systemic hypoalgesia and increases circulating opioid and endocannabinoid levels

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34498944/

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2021: In humans, younger people have more CB1 receptors in their muscle than older people – but you can increase your cannabinoid receptor levels with resistance exercise

Cannabinoid receptor 1 expression is higher in muscle of old vs. young males, and increases upon resistance exercise in older adults

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97859-3

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2021: In mice housed in small cages, oleamide (an endocannabinoid) rescued their muscles from atrophy

Oleamide rescues tibialis anterior muscle atrophy of mice housed in small cages

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33143796/

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2021: In mice undergoing swimming training, consuming CBD oil improved their heart’s markers for MAPK & PPARα gene expression while showing that the interventions of CBD & swimming combined worked better than either method alone

Effect of Eight Weeks of Swimming Training and CBD Oil Consumption on MAPK, Pparα Gene Expression in the Heart Tissue of Myocardial Infarction Rats

https://www.jorjanijournal.goums.ac.ir/article-1-840-en.html

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2021: In mice with an ACL rupture, their CB2 receptors were upregulated in the injured area & treatment with CBD helped with inflammation

Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 is Upregulated in Synovium following Joint Injury and Mediates Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Synovial Fibroblasts and Macrophages

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537380/

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2021: Cannabis may help you stick with an exercise routine

https://www.insider.com/weed-could-help-motivate-you-to-exercise-athletes-say-2021-9

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2021: In exercising humans, one dose of CBD showed small but significant effects on muscle damage & recovery

Effects of Cannabidiol Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after Intensive Resistance Training

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/9/3028

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2021: The runner's high & endocannabinoids

Exercise-induced euphoria and anxiolysis do not depend on endogenous opioids in humans

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33582575/

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2021: In men, a single session of moderate exercise improved memory & increased the levels of anandamide as well as BDNF (the brain growth factor)
A single session of moderate intensity exercise influences memory, endocannabinoids and brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in men
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34257382/

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2021: In humans with PTSD, the ability of exercise to help reduce threat expectancy is mediated via anandamide & BDNF (an important brain growth factor regulated by the ECS)
Exercise-induced increases in Anandamide and BDNF during extinction consolidation contribute to reduced threat following reinstatement: Preliminary evidence from a randomized controlled trial
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453021002298
 

2021: In bone tissue, CB1 may be a promising target for inflammation of skeletal muscle tissue

The Impact of CB1 Receptor on Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle Cells

https://www.dovepress.com/the-impact-of-cb1-receptor-on-inflammation-in-skeletal-muscle-cells-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR

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2021: In rats with spinal cord injuries, activating the CB2 receptor helped mitigate their osteoporosis

Delayed Systemic Treatment with Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist Mitigates Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Osteoporosis More Than Acute Treatment Directly after Injury

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34223557/

​

2021: In humans with nerve pain from rheumatic diseases, PEA combined well with acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) to lower inflammation & to increase clinical scores

Efficacy of a fixed combination of Palmitoylethanolamide and acetyl-l-carnitine (PEA + ALC FC) in the treatment of Neuropathies secondary to Rheumatic Diseases

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34056884/

​

2021: In male rats, exercise, caloric restriction & blocking the CB1 receptor all helped to control weight & heart health

Caloric restriction, physical exercise, and CB1 receptor blockade as an efficient combined strategy for bodyweight control and cardiometabolic status improvement in male rats

https://search.proquest.com/openview/100996e21da3c5b0e719ab29d9c7bce5/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2041939

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2021: In a rat model of exercise, the injection of CBD lessened inflammation while still allowing the appropriate anabolic signaling

Cannabidiol Does Not Impair Anabolic Signaling Following Eccentric Contractions in Rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33621949/

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2021: In zebrafish, bone growth could be positively influenced by a combination of targeting the endocannabinoid system & the retinoic acid pathway

The endocannabinoid system and retinoic acid signaling combine to influence bone growth

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33839219/

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2021: In bone cells, this study looks at the interplay of endocannabinoids on the differentiation & remodeling of bones

Modulation of Endocannabinoid Tone in Osteoblastic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells and in Mouse Bone Tissue over Time

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/5/1199

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2021: In cells, activating the GPR55 receptor (which might one day be known as the CB3 receptor) is helpful for the homeostasis of our bones

Peptide targeting of lysophosphatidylinositol-sensing GPR55 for osteoclastogenesis tuning

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33902596/

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2021: In mice, CB2 regulates the bone marrow stem cells that form new bone cells & is suggested as a target for treating osteoporosis

Involvement of CB2 signalling pathway in the development of osteoporosis by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hBMSCs

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512770/

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2021: In mice, a connection between kidney cells & the remodeling of bones is regulated by CB1

Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Regulates Bone Remodeling and Mass via a Kidney-to-Bone Axis

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/2/414

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2021: In a cellular & mouse model of osteoporosis, blocking the MAGL enzyme & increasing 2-AG levels helped block bone loss via several pathways

Inhibiting Monoacylglycerol Lipase Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Alleviates Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.640867/full

​

2021: In muscle spasms caused by a cell's voltage-gated sodium channels, CBD lowers their overexcitation by both blocking the channel & also changing the elasticity of the cell's membrane

Cannabidiol inhibits the skeletal muscle Nav1.4 by blocking its pore and by altering membrane elasticity

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33836525/

​

2021: A survey of orthopedic doctors focused on trauma about their thoughts on cannabis & CBD for postoperative pain

Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872227/

​

2021: This study suggests that activating the CB2 receptor helps to preserve joint cartilage during osteoarthritis

HU308-mediated cannabinoid signaling mitigates age and trauma-related osteoarthritis

https://www.oarsijournal.com/article/S1063-4584(21)00594-X/fulltext

​

2020: In rats, CBD helped slightly with Achilles tendon repair

Biomechanical Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), the Major Constituents of Cannabis, on Tendon to Tendon Healing in a Sprague Dawley Rat Achilles Tendon Surgical Repair Model

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7401174/

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2020: Endocannabinoids seem to be regulators of skeletal muscle protein homeostasis & in this study of mouse muscle tissue, rimonabant (the famous CB1 antagonist) stimulated protein synthesis

Acute rimonabant treatment promotes protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes through a CB1-independent mechanism

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32885412/

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2020: In mice, the CB2 receptor modulates skeletal muscle regeneration after an injury

Cannabinoid type 2 receptor manipulates skeletal muscle regeneration partly by regulating macrophage M1/M2 polarization in IR injury in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32565250/

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2020: In smooth muscle cells, anandamide caused the downregulation of 21 genes related to inflammation, especially CCL2

The endocannabinoid anandamide has an anti-inflammatory effect on CCL2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32323032

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2020: In humans, CBD helps to delay the onset of muscle soreness

The influence cannabidiol on delayed onset of muscle soreness

http://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2020/vol7issue2/PartB/7-2-4-412.pdf

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2020: Cultures of muscle cells grew faster when CBD was added

THE EFFECTS OF CANNABIDIOL AND CANNABINOL ON C2C12 MYOBLAST PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION

https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/handle/11375/25206

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2020: In rats, induced bone damage in their mouths can be lessened by activating the CB2 receptor

Signs of alveolar bone damage in early stages of periodontitis and its prevention by stimulation of cannabinoid receptor 2. Model in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920617/

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2020: In children with Celiac disease, a variant of CB2 is associated with bone loss & suggests CB2 as a target to help with bone metabolism

The Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 in the Bone Loss Associated with pediatric Celiac Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32796429/

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2020: In cells that secrete bone, CBD caused differentiation & increased bone deposition

Cannabidiol induces osteoblast differentiation via angiopoietin1 and p38 MAPK

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32656944/

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2020: In a mouse model of multiple myeloma, inhibiting MAGL (the enzyme that hydrolyzes 2-AG) causes bone loss

JZL184, A Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor, Induces Bone Loss in a Multiple Myeloma Model of Immunocompetent Mice

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32285169

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2020: In bone cells, the activation of CB2 to lower bone reabsorption requires Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2)

Nrf2 is required for suppressing osteoclast RANKL-induced differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells via inactivating cannabinoid receptor type 2 with AM630

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7056625/

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2020: Activating CB2 receptors seem to help with bone cell differentiation

Activation of cannabinoid receptor type 2-induced osteogenic differentiation involves autophagy induction and p62-mediated Nrf2 deactivation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31941496/

​

2020: In knockout mice (those engineered to have no CB1 or CB2 receptors), this research shows the importance of CB2 for the formation of the bones in the jaws

Impact of the endocannabinoid system on murine cranial and alveolar bone phenotype

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240731/

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2020: In women, aerobic exercise increases endocannabinoids in the blood while also reducing anxiety & fear when faced with a threat

Aerobic exercise reduces anxiety and fear ratings to threat and increases circulating endocannabinoids in women with and without PTSD

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1755296620300508

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2020: In older adults, using cannabis is associated with a lower body mass index (BMI) & a higher frequency of exercise

Exercise Intervention Outcomes With Cannabis Users and Nonusers Aged 60 and Older

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32553024/

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2020: In mice, swimming exercise reduced inflammatory pain via the ECS

High-intensity swimming exercise reduces inflammatory pain in mice by activation of the endocannabinoid system

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358841

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2020: In humans, CBD helps to delay the onset of muscle soreness

The influence cannabidiol on delayed onset of muscle soreness

http://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2020/vol7issue2/PartB/7-2-4-412.pdf

​

2020: In mice, the activation of CB1 during exercise helps to enhance learning & memory via glutamate, BDNF & an increased number of dendrites

The endocannabinoid system regulates the moderate exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31974335/

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2020: In mice, exercise enhances learning & memory via the ECS's effect on glutamate & BDNF (a brain growth factor)

Exercise enhances learning and memory: the role of endogenous cannabinoid system

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31974335

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2020: In rats, how running on a treadmill repairs memory impairment via the ECS

Treadmill exercise improves LPS-induced memory impairments via endocannabinoid receptors and cyclooxygenase enzymes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31863846/

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2020: Pharmacist's advice for athletes using CBD for pain

What Pharmacists Should Know to Counsel Athletes About CBD for Pain Management

https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/what-pharmacists-should-know-to-counsel-athletes-about-cbd-for-pain-management

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2020: Survey says, professional rugby players are into CBD

High Prevalence of Cannabidiol Use Within Male Professional Rugby Union and League Players: A Quest for Pain Relief and Enhanced Recovery

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32732454/

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2019: CBD for brain injuries in sports

Cannabidiol (CBD) in the Management of Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury: Research and Efficacy

https://www.gavinpublishers.com/admin/assets/articles_pdf/1573043696article_pdf948916365.pdf

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2019: A survey of 1,274 athletes found that those "who use a combination of THC and CBD exhibited the most benefit to well-being and calm with minimal adverse effects"

Cannabis use in active athletes: Behaviors related to subjective effects

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6598761/

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2019: In rats, exercise improved the immune system & boosted cannabinoid receptors

Chronic exercise modulates the cellular immunity and its cannabinoid receptors expression

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31738771

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2019: Exercise performed by patients with substance use disorder increased anandamide concentration

Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31729933

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2019: Regular exercise increase cannabinoid receptor expression in certain immune cells

Chronic exercise modulates the cellular immunity and its cannabinoid receptors expression

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31738771

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2019: When marmots hibernate, they may use the endocannabinoid system to prevent bone loss from disuse

The effects of neurectomy and hibernation on bone properties and the endocannabinoid system in marmots (Marmota flaviventris)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31783174/

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2019: In rats with bone problems, this group created CBD microspheres that enhanced healing via recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells

Cannabidiol-loaded microspheres incorporated into osteoconductive scaffold enhance mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and regeneration of critical-sized bone defects

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31029357

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2019: In human bone cells, CBD elevated calcium levels & apoptosis

Dose-Dependent Cannabidiol-Induced Elevation of Intracellular Calcium and Apoptosis in Human Articular Chondrocytes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31378964/

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2019: A 1:1 THC:CBD treatment effective for a 60 year old woman's 'stiff person syndrome'

Medical Cannabis as an Effective Treatment for Refractory Symptoms of Paraneoplastic Stiff Person Syndrome

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31743746

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2019: In humans, cannabis may be helpful in patients with myotonia (neuromuscular disorders) according to this case series

A role for cannabinoids in the treatment of myotonia? Report of compassionate use in a small cohort of patients

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31655890

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2019: In humans with conditions involving clenched muscles, transdermal CBD patches help to relax the muscles

Myorelaxant Effect of Transdermal Cannabidiol Application in Patients with TMD: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31698733/

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2017: In rats with severe spinal cord injuries, CBD enhanced bone volume & as well as a number of other measures

Cannabidiol administration reduces sublesional cancellous bone loss in rats with severe spinal cord injury

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28479140

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2016: In tissue culture, CBD protected the nucleus pulposus cells (jelly-like substance at the center of a spinal disc) via the suppression of anti‑apoptosis, anti‑inflammation &  anti‑oxidative activities

Protective effect of cannabidiol on hydrogen peroxide‑induced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in nucleus pulposus cells

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27430346

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2015: In rats, CBD enhanced fracture healing

Cannabidiol, a Major Non-Psychotropic Cannabis Constituent Enhances Fracture Healing and Stimulates Lysyl Hydroxylase Activity in Osteoblasts

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801536

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2015: In mice, the runner’s high depends on the ECS

A runner's high depends on cannabinoid receptors in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26438875/

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2014: In mice, the ECS helps spatial memory & exercise

A role for the endocannabinoid system in exercise-induced spatial memory enhancement in mice.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115292

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2014: In rats with intervertebral disc degeneration, CBD protected from the effects of the disc injury

Protective effects of cannabidiol on lesion-induced intervertebral disc degeneration

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517414

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2012: In humans, the reward from running may come from the endocannabinoids

Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the 'runner's high'

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442371

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2012: In rats with periodontitis, anandamide reduced inflammatory response & lowered stress

Anti-inflammatory effect of the endocannabinoid anandamide in experimental periodontitis and stress in the rat

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777139

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2009: In mice with periodontitis, CBD reduced bone loss via inhibition of RANK/RANKL

Cannabidiol decreases bone resorption by inhibiting RANK/RANKL expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines during experimental periodontitis in rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19070683

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