
Musculoskeletal System & Exercise
Best reviews
2022: This review looks at the effects of exercise on the endocannabinoid system
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Exercise on the Endocannabinoid System
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34870469/
2022: A review of cannabinoids for bone health & orthopedic effects suggests that CBD is helpful for bone health
Marijuana in Orthopaedics: Effects on Bone Health, Wound-Healing, Surgical Complications, and Pain Management
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35180183/
2022: On treating bone diseases via the ECS
Components of the Endocannabinoid System and Effects of Cannabinoids Against Bone Diseases: A Mini-Review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35126132/
2021: A review of targeting the CB2 receptor for bone disorders
Research progress on natural cannabinoid receptor type 2( CB2R)regulators and their effects on bone metabolism
https://europepmc.org/article/med/34402276
2021: A review of humans with chronic musculoskeletal pain found that they reported cannabis to be helpful & with only minor adverse events
Cannabis against chronic musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review on users and their perceptions
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34481519/
2021: A review of the effects of cannabis & the cannabinoids like CBD on athletic performance
Cannabis and Athletic Performance
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-021-01505-x
2021: A review of the studies on the use of CBD in sports
The role of cannabidiol in professional sports: A scoping review
2021: A review of the potential of CBD & THC in sports medicine
Therapeutic Potential for Cannabinoids in Sports Medicine: Current Literature Review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34234089/
2021: This review looks at how the endocannabinoid system affects our exercising: by rewarding us for exercising, by improving the gut-brain axis & by lowering inflammation
Neurobiological Processes Induced by Aerobic Exercise through the Endocannabinoidome
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/4/938/htm
2021: A review of how the benefits of exercise for mental health are mediated by the endocannabinoid system
The Endocannabinoid System as Modulator of Exercise Benefits in Mental Health
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33342414/
2020: Review of CBD for sports medicine
Cannabidiol and Sports Performance: a Narrative Review of Relevant Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32632671/
2020: Di Marzo on CBD for sport
Cannabidiol in sport: Ergogenic or else?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32205233/
2020: Exercise, the ECS & neurological diseases
Can Physical Activity Support the Endocannabinoid System in the Preventive and Therapeutic Approach to Neurological Disorders?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32545780/
2020: A review of the acute effects of cannabis for exercise
Acute effects of cannabis consumption on exercise performance: a systematic and umbrella review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32734752/
2020: This review looks at the use of cannabis in sports & exercise
Chronic cannabis consumption and physical exercise performance in healthy adults: a systematic review
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42238-020-00037-x
2020: A big review of studies found that 1 in 4 athletes used cannabis in the past year & it appears that it probably doesn't enhance performance
Cannabis Use and Sport: A Systematic Review
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32023171
2020: A systematic review suggests the efficacy of cannabis for the pain of rheumatologic diseases
Cannabis use assessment and its impact on pain in rheumatologic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33159797/
2020: A review of CBD for rheumatic diseases
The Effectiveness of Cannabidiol in Rheumatic Disease Pain: A Systematic Review
https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1972&context=etds
2020: A review of CBD for joint diseases
Cannabidiol: A Brief Review of Its Therapeutic and Pharmacologic Efficacy in the Management of Joint Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32328386/
2020: A review of using CBD in rheumatology
A cautious hope for cannabidiol (CBD) in rheumatology care
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32144889
2020: A review of cannabinoids for rheumatic diseases
Cannabis and Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32017684/
2020: Cannabis & orthopedic surgery
The Role of Cannabis in Orthopedic Surgery
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42399-020-00539-y
2020: Manipulating the ECS for orthopedic surgery & musculoskeletal medicine
Endocannabinoids in Orthopedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine: Is it Time for a Green Standard?
https://www.ecronicon.com/ecor/ECOR-11-00592.php
2020: A look at how the ECS is involved in the contraction of muscles
Influence of cannabinoids upon nerve-evoked skeletal muscle contraction
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32156612/
2020: This review looks at CBD & the other cannabinoids for musculoskeletal disorders
Cannabinoid Use in Musculoskeletal Illness: a Review of the Current Evidence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32383037
2020: On how exercise helps our skeletal muscle via the ECS
Role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of the skeletal muscle response to exercise
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32619926/
2020: A review about the importance of the cannabinoids in the regulation of bones
The Cannabinoids Effect on Bone Formation and Bone Healing
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32705630/
2019: Excellent review on the ECS & the endovanilloids on bone biochemistry
The Endocannabinoid/Endovanilloid System in Bone: From Osteoporosis to Osteosarcoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31003519
2019: Review of cannabinoids for bones & joints (great chart & tables)
Bones and Joints: The Effects of Cannabinoids on the Skeleton
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31393556
2019: On the cannabinoids & regeneration of bones
Cannabinoids and bone regeneration
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30702341
2019: A meta-review of cannabis for rheumatic diseases
Cannabis-Based Medicines and Medical Cannabis in Rheumatic Diseases: A Treasure Chest or Pandora’s box
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40674-019-00130-0
2016: A personal history of the discovery of the ECS in bones
A collaboration investigating endocannabinoid signalling in brain and bone
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887036
2016: A review of the skeletal ECS system
The skeletal endocannabinoid system: clinical and experimental insights
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26457774
2012: The cannabinoids & the remodeling of bones
Role of cannabinoids in the regulation of bone remodeling
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181053
2010: A review of how the ECS affects motor skills
The role of endocannabinoid signaling in motor control.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20699469
2010: a review of the ECS & motor control in mice
Endocannabinoids and voluntary activity in mice: runner's high and long-term consequences in emotional behaviors.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20353785
2003: In humans, moderate exercise activates the ECS
Exercise activates the endocannabinoid system
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14625449
Chart Gallery

2010: Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of bone mass

2019: The Endocannabinoid/Endovanilloid System in Bone: From Osteoporosis to Osteosarcoma

2019: The Endocannabinoid/Endovanilloid System in Bone: From Osteoporosis to Osteosarcoma

2010: Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of bone mass
Timeline of Research
2022: In exercising males, “CBD appears to alter some key physiological and psychological responses to aerobic exercise without impairing performance”
Effects of Cannabidiol on Exercise Physiology and Bioenergetics: A Randomised Controlled Pilot Trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35235092/
2022: In mice, a combination of diet & exercise improved their ECS & their metabolic function
Effect of diet and physical exercise on endocannabinoid system and energy homeostasis in obese mice
https://e-century.us/files/ijcem/14/3/ijcem0118169.pdf
2022: In bone stem cells, activating the CB1 receptor reduced inflammation, enhanced calcium deposition & increased the bone growth phenotype (suggesting CBD as a novel therapeutic option for bone regeneration)
Influence of Medical Marijuana on Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Osteogenesis: An in Vitro Study
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2473011421S00447
2022: This hydrogel loaded with CBD helps bones to repair
Development and Characterization of Cannabidiol-loaded Alginate Copper Hydrogel for Repairing Open Bone Defects in vitro
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927776522000224
2022: In a tissue model of periodontitis, activating the CB1 receptor improved bone growth & increased energy metabolism
The cannabinoid receptor I (CB1) enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by rescue impaired mitochondrial metabolism function under inflammatory condition
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35063024/
2022: In mice, CBD helps to promote new bone growth via the lowering of inflammation & the activation of bone stem cells
Cannabidiol Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Inflammatory Microenvironment via the CB2-dependent p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35220282/
2021: In guinea pigs with osteoarthritis, this study of tissue pharmacokinetics found that orally administered CBD did end up in the cartilage tissue at clinically relevant doses
Plasma and joint tissue pharmacokinetics of two doses of oral cannabidiol oil in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34658021/
2021: In a rat model of sarcopenia (an age-related disease that causes an accelerated loss of muscle mass & function), they saw altered levels of the endocannabinoids & suggest targeting the endocannabinoid system
Alterations of the endocannabinoid system and circulating and peripheral tissue levels of endocannabinoids in sarcopenic rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34854262/
2021: In skeletal muscle cells, the CB1 receptors help to control the signaling of the nuclear receptors that modulate genetic transcription
The Impact of CB1 Receptor on Nuclear Receptors in Skeletal Muscle Cells
https://www.mdpi.com/1873-149X/28/4/29
2021: In rats with bone damage from a loss of blood supply caused by stress hormones, activating the CB2 receptor strengthened new bone production & helped to maintain the blood supply
Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 alleviates glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head with osteogenesis and maintenance of blood supply
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34718335/
2021: In muscle spasms caused by a cell's voltage-gated sodium channels, CBD lowers their overexcitation by both blocking the channel & also changing the elasticity of the cell's membrane
Cannabidiol inhibits the skeletal muscle Nav1.4 by blocking its pore and by altering membrane elasticity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33836525/
2021: A survey of orthopedic doctors focused on trauma about their thoughts on cannabis & CBD for postoperative pain
Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872227/
2021: In humans with nerve pain from rheumatic diseases, PEA combined well with acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) to lower inflammation & to increase clinical scores
Efficacy of a fixed combination of Palmitoylethanolamide and acetyl-l-carnitine (PEA + ALC FC) in the treatment of Neuropathies secondary to Rheumatic Diseases
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34056884/
2021: This survey looks at people who exercise to ask them how & why they use CBD & cannabis
Cannabis and Cannabidiol Use in Active Individuals: A Survey of Timing and Reasons for Use
https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijesab/vol14/iss1/53/
2021: In Greek Navy SEALS undergoing (mindbendingly) strenuous exercise, their levels of anandamide, PEA & oleamide all increased, suggesting an adaptive ability of the ECS in helping with stress & heart-rate
Endocannabinoids and heart rate variability alterations after exposure to prolonged intensive physical exercise of the Hellenic Navy SEALs
https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/Supplement_1/ehab724.2751/6394752
2021: In humans, 20 minutes of exercise helped with pain & increased the circulating levels of endocannabinoids & endorphins
Aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction causes local and systemic hypoalgesia and increases circulating opioid and endocannabinoid levels
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34498944/
2021: In humans, younger people have more CB1 receptors in their muscle than older people – but you can increase your cannabinoid receptor levels with resistance exercise
Cannabinoid receptor 1 expression is higher in muscle of old vs. young males, and increases upon resistance exercise in older adults
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97859-3
2021: In mice housed in small cages, oleamide (an endocannabinoid) rescued their muscles from atrophy
Oleamide rescues tibialis anterior muscle atrophy of mice housed in small cages
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33143796/
2021: In mice undergoing swimming training, consuming CBD oil improved their heart’s markers for MAPK & PPARα gene expression while showing that the interventions of CBD & swimming combined worked better than either method alone
Effect of Eight Weeks of Swimming Training and CBD Oil Consumption on MAPK, Pparα Gene Expression in the Heart Tissue of Myocardial Infarction Rats
https://www.jorjanijournal.goums.ac.ir/article-1-840-en.html
2021: In mice with an ACL rupture, their CB2 receptors were upregulated in the injured area & treatment with CBD helped with inflammation
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 is Upregulated in Synovium following Joint Injury and Mediates Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Synovial Fibroblasts and Macrophages
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537380/
2021: Cannabis may help you stick with an exercise routine
https://www.insider.com/weed-could-help-motivate-you-to-exercise-athletes-say-2021-9
2021: In exercising humans, one dose of CBD showed small but significant effects on muscle damage & recovery
Effects of Cannabidiol Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after Intensive Resistance Training
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/9/3028
2021: The runner's high & endocannabinoids
Exercise-induced euphoria and anxiolysis do not depend on endogenous opioids in humans
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33582575/
2021: In men, a single session of moderate exercise improved memory & increased the levels of anandamide as well as BDNF (the brain growth factor)
A single session of moderate intensity exercise influences memory, endocannabinoids and brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in men
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34257382/
2021: In humans with PTSD, the ability of exercise to help reduce threat expectancy is mediated via anandamide & BDNF (an important brain growth factor regulated by the ECS)
Exercise-induced increases in Anandamide and BDNF during extinction consolidation contribute to reduced threat following reinstatement: Preliminary evidence from a randomized controlled trial
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453021002298
2021: In bone tissue, CB1 may be a promising target for inflammation of skeletal muscle tissue
The Impact of CB1 Receptor on Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle Cells
2021: In rats with spinal cord injuries, activating the CB2 receptor helped mitigate their osteoporosis
Delayed Systemic Treatment with Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist Mitigates Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Osteoporosis More Than Acute Treatment Directly after Injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34223557/
2021: In humans with nerve pain from rheumatic diseases, PEA combined well with acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) to lower inflammation & to increase clinical scores
Efficacy of a fixed combination of Palmitoylethanolamide and acetyl-l-carnitine (PEA + ALC FC) in the treatment of Neuropathies secondary to Rheumatic Diseases
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34056884/
2021: In male rats, exercise, caloric restriction & blocking the CB1 receptor all helped to control weight & heart health
Caloric restriction, physical exercise, and CB1 receptor blockade as an efficient combined strategy for bodyweight control and cardiometabolic status improvement in male rats
2021: In a rat model of exercise, the injection of CBD lessened inflammation while still allowing the appropriate anabolic signaling
Cannabidiol Does Not Impair Anabolic Signaling Following Eccentric Contractions in Rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33621949/
2021: In zebrafish, bone growth could be positively influenced by a combination of targeting the endocannabinoid system & the retinoic acid pathway
The endocannabinoid system and retinoic acid signaling combine to influence bone growth
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33839219/
2021: In bone cells, this study looks at the interplay of endocannabinoids on the differentiation & remodeling of bones
Modulation of Endocannabinoid Tone in Osteoblastic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells and in Mouse Bone Tissue over Time
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/5/1199
2021: In cells, activating the GPR55 receptor (which might one day be known as the CB3 receptor) is helpful for the homeostasis of our bones
Peptide targeting of lysophosphatidylinositol-sensing GPR55 for osteoclastogenesis tuning
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33902596/
2021: In mice, CB2 regulates the bone marrow stem cells that form new bone cells & is suggested as a target for treating osteoporosis
Involvement of CB2 signalling pathway in the development of osteoporosis by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hBMSCs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512770/
2021: In mice, a connection between kidney cells & the remodeling of bones is regulated by CB1
Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Regulates Bone Remodeling and Mass via a Kidney-to-Bone Axis
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/2/414
2021: In a cellular & mouse model of osteoporosis, blocking the MAGL enzyme & increasing 2-AG levels helped block bone loss via several pathways
Inhibiting Monoacylglycerol Lipase Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Alleviates Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.640867/full
2021: In muscle spasms caused by a cell's voltage-gated sodium channels, CBD lowers their overexcitation by both blocking the channel & also changing the elasticity of the cell's membrane
Cannabidiol inhibits the skeletal muscle Nav1.4 by blocking its pore and by altering membrane elasticity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33836525/
2021: A survey of orthopedic doctors focused on trauma about their thoughts on cannabis & CBD for postoperative pain
Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872227/
2021: This study suggests that activating the CB2 receptor helps to preserve joint cartilage during osteoarthritis
HU308-mediated cannabinoid signaling mitigates age and trauma-related osteoarthritis
https://www.oarsijournal.com/article/S1063-4584(21)00594-X/fulltext
2020: In rats, CBD helped slightly with Achilles tendon repair
Biomechanical Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), the Major Constituents of Cannabis, on Tendon to Tendon Healing in a Sprague Dawley Rat Achilles Tendon Surgical Repair Model
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7401174/
2020: Endocannabinoids seem to be regulators of skeletal muscle protein homeostasis & in this study of mouse muscle tissue, rimonabant (the famous CB1 antagonist) stimulated protein synthesis
Acute rimonabant treatment promotes protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes through a CB1-independent mechanism
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32885412/
2020: In mice, the CB2 receptor modulates skeletal muscle regeneration after an injury
Cannabinoid type 2 receptor manipulates skeletal muscle regeneration partly by regulating macrophage M1/M2 polarization in IR injury in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32565250/
2020: In smooth muscle cells, anandamide caused the downregulation of 21 genes related to inflammation, especially CCL2
The endocannabinoid anandamide has an anti-inflammatory effect on CCL2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32323032
2020: In humans, CBD helps to delay the onset of muscle soreness
The influence cannabidiol on delayed onset of muscle soreness
http://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2020/vol7issue2/PartB/7-2-4-412.pdf
2020: Cultures of muscle cells grew faster when CBD was added
THE EFFECTS OF CANNABIDIOL AND CANNABINOL ON C2C12 MYOBLAST PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION
https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/handle/11375/25206
2020: In rats, induced bone damage in their mouths can be lessened by activating the CB2 receptor
Signs of alveolar bone damage in early stages of periodontitis and its prevention by stimulation of cannabinoid receptor 2. Model in rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920617/
2020: In children with Celiac disease, a variant of CB2 is associated with bone loss & suggests CB2 as a target to help with bone metabolism
The Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 in the Bone Loss Associated with pediatric Celiac Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32796429/
2020: In cells that secrete bone, CBD caused differentiation & increased bone deposition
Cannabidiol induces osteoblast differentiation via angiopoietin1 and p38 MAPK
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32656944/
2020: In a mouse model of multiple myeloma, inhibiting MAGL (the enzyme that hydrolyzes 2-AG) causes bone loss
JZL184, A Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor, Induces Bone Loss in a Multiple Myeloma Model of Immunocompetent Mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32285169
2020: In bone cells, the activation of CB2 to lower bone reabsorption requires Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2)
Nrf2 is required for suppressing osteoclast RANKL-induced differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells via inactivating cannabinoid receptor type 2 with AM630
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7056625/
2020: Activating CB2 receptors seem to help with bone cell differentiation
Activation of cannabinoid receptor type 2-induced osteogenic differentiation involves autophagy induction and p62-mediated Nrf2 deactivation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31941496/
2020: In knockout mice (those engineered to have no CB1 or CB2 receptors), this research shows the importance of CB2 for the formation of the bones in the jaws
Impact of the endocannabinoid system on murine cranial and alveolar bone phenotype
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240731/
2020: In women, aerobic exercise increases endocannabinoids in the blood while also reducing anxiety & fear when faced with a threat
Aerobic exercise reduces anxiety and fear ratings to threat and increases circulating endocannabinoids in women with and without PTSD
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1755296620300508
2020: In older adults, using cannabis is associated with a lower body mass index (BMI) & a higher frequency of exercise
Exercise Intervention Outcomes With Cannabis Users and Nonusers Aged 60 and Older
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32553024/
2020: In mice, swimming exercise reduced inflammatory pain via the ECS
High-intensity swimming exercise reduces inflammatory pain in mice by activation of the endocannabinoid system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358841
2020: In humans, CBD helps to delay the onset of muscle soreness
The influence cannabidiol on delayed onset of muscle soreness
http://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2020/vol7issue2/PartB/7-2-4-412.pdf
2020: In mice, the activation of CB1 during exercise helps to enhance learning & memory via glutamate, BDNF & an increased number of dendrites
The endocannabinoid system regulates the moderate exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31974335/
2020: In mice, exercise enhances learning & memory via the ECS's effect on glutamate & BDNF (a brain growth factor)
Exercise enhances learning and memory: the role of endogenous cannabinoid system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31974335
2020: In rats, how running on a treadmill repairs memory impairment via the ECS
Treadmill exercise improves LPS-induced memory impairments via endocannabinoid receptors and cyclooxygenase enzymes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31863846/
2020: Pharmacist's advice for athletes using CBD for pain
What Pharmacists Should Know to Counsel Athletes About CBD for Pain Management
2020: Survey says, professional rugby players are into CBD
High Prevalence of Cannabidiol Use Within Male Professional Rugby Union and League Players: A Quest for Pain Relief and Enhanced Recovery
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32732454/
2019: CBD for brain injuries in sports
Cannabidiol (CBD) in the Management of Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury: Research and Efficacy
https://www.gavinpublishers.com/admin/assets/articles_pdf/1573043696article_pdf948916365.pdf
2019: A survey of 1,274 athletes found that those "who use a combination of THC and CBD exhibited the most benefit to well-being and calm with minimal adverse effects"
Cannabis use in active athletes: Behaviors related to subjective effects
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6598761/
2019: In rats, exercise improved the immune system & boosted cannabinoid receptors
Chronic exercise modulates the cellular immunity and its cannabinoid receptors expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31738771
2019: Exercise performed by patients with substance use disorder increased anandamide concentration
Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31729933
2019: Regular exercise increase cannabinoid receptor expression in certain immune cells
Chronic exercise modulates the cellular immunity and its cannabinoid receptors expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31738771
2019: When marmots hibernate, they may use the endocannabinoid system to prevent bone loss from disuse
The effects of neurectomy and hibernation on bone properties and the endocannabinoid system in marmots (Marmota flaviventris)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31783174/
2019: In rats with bone problems, this group created CBD microspheres that enhanced healing via recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells
Cannabidiol-loaded microspheres incorporated into osteoconductive scaffold enhance mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and regeneration of critical-sized bone defects
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31029357
2019: In human bone cells, CBD elevated calcium levels & apoptosis
Dose-Dependent Cannabidiol-Induced Elevation of Intracellular Calcium and Apoptosis in Human Articular Chondrocytes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31378964/
2019: A 1:1 THC:CBD treatment effective for a 60 year old woman's 'stiff person syndrome'
Medical Cannabis as an Effective Treatment for Refractory Symptoms of Paraneoplastic Stiff Person Syndrome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31743746
2019: In humans, cannabis may be helpful in patients with myotonia (neuromuscular disorders) according to this case series
A role for cannabinoids in the treatment of myotonia? Report of compassionate use in a small cohort of patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31655890
2019: In humans with conditions involving clenched muscles, transdermal CBD patches help to relax the muscles
Myorelaxant Effect of Transdermal Cannabidiol Application in Patients with TMD: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31698733/
2017: In rats with severe spinal cord injuries, CBD enhanced bone volume & as well as a number of other measures
Cannabidiol administration reduces sublesional cancellous bone loss in rats with severe spinal cord injury
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28479140
2016: In tissue culture, CBD protected the nucleus pulposus cells (jelly-like substance at the center of a spinal disc) via the suppression of anti‑apoptosis, anti‑inflammation & anti‑oxidative activities
Protective effect of cannabidiol on hydrogen peroxide‑induced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in nucleus pulposus cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27430346
2015: In rats, CBD enhanced fracture healing
Cannabidiol, a Major Non-Psychotropic Cannabis Constituent Enhances Fracture Healing and Stimulates Lysyl Hydroxylase Activity in Osteoblasts
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801536
2015: In mice, the runner’s high depends on the ECS
A runner's high depends on cannabinoid receptors in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26438875/
2014: In mice, the ECS helps spatial memory & exercise
A role for the endocannabinoid system in exercise-induced spatial memory enhancement in mice.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115292
2014: In rats with intervertebral disc degeneration, CBD protected from the effects of the disc injury
Protective effects of cannabidiol on lesion-induced intervertebral disc degeneration
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517414
2012: In humans, the reward from running may come from the endocannabinoids
Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the 'runner's high'
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442371
2012: In rats with periodontitis, anandamide reduced inflammatory response & lowered stress
Anti-inflammatory effect of the endocannabinoid anandamide in experimental periodontitis and stress in the rat
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777139
2009: In mice with periodontitis, CBD reduced bone loss via inhibition of RANK/RANKL
Cannabidiol decreases bone resorption by inhibiting RANK/RANKL expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines during experimental periodontitis in rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19070683