​

2023: In astrocytes (key brain support cells), CBD lowered damage in a model of neurodegeneration via several pathways
Effect of Cannabidiol in LPS-induced toxicity in astrocytes: Possible role for cannabinoid type-1 receptors
https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr610649

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2023: In a songbird model of developmental delays via brain trauma, CBD improved their singing ability & reduced inflammation & oxidative stress in the brain
Cannabidiol Inhibits Neuroinflammatory Responses and Circuit-Associated Synaptic Loss Following Damage to a Songbird Vocal Pre-motor Cortical-Like Region
https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2570531/v1/ddc3604d-a221-43ce-b348-65bd5460956f.pdf?c=1677191509

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2023: In a mouse model of cognitive decline & Alzheimer’s disease, PEA protected memory & lessened shrinking of the hippocampus (memory center of the brain)
Chronic administration of palmitoylethanolamide counteracts cognitive decline in Tg2576 Mice
https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/1669443

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2023: In a mouse model of nerve injury, a cannabis extract sped up muscle function recovery
Comparative evaluation of ethyl acetate and n-Hexane extracts of Cannabis sativa L. leaves for muscle function restoration after peripheral nerve lesion
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.3255

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2023: In a mouse model of toxic brain damage from HIV antiretrovirals, activating the CB2 receptor protects the brain, causes painkilling effects & reverses morphine tolerance
Peripheral sensory neuron CB2 cannabinoid receptors are necessary for both CB2-mediated antinociceptive efficacy and sparing of morphine tolerance in a mouse model of anti-retroviral toxic neuropathy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36417942/

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2022: In obese mice, PEA lessened neuroinflammation as well as anxious behavior

Palmitoylethanolamide dampens neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in obese mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35176443/

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2022: In rats with a traumatic spinal cord injury, CBD lowered their oxidative stress, reduced their hypersensitivity & lessened pain levels
Cannabidiol attenuates hypersensitivity and oxidative stress after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36028005

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2022: In songbirds with brain damage, we already knew that CBD helped them to recovery their singing ability & then this research demonstrates that a low dose of THC helps the CBD to work better
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Differentially Alters Cannabidiol Efficacy in Recovery of Phonology and Syntax Following Damage to a Songbird Cortical-Like Brain Region
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36125410

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2022: In humans who had a stroke, nabiximols (a 1:1 CBD:THC mixture) did not alter blood pressure, heart rate or cardiovascular complications
Nabiximols effect on blood pressure and heart rate in post-stroke patients of a randomized controlled studyv
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36386386/

​

2022: In rats with loss of blood flow to their brains, CBD lowered cell death & protected against dysfunction of the mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)
Mitofusin-2 mediates cannabidiol-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia in rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36229600

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2022: In a rat model of methamphetamine abuse, CBD protected from the neurotoxicity via dopamine receptors
Cannabidiol prevents methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity by modulating dopamine receptor D1-mediated calcium-dependent phosphorylation of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36147353/

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2022: In certain brain regions of rats, CBD increases BDNF (a brain growth factor)
Single and Repeated Exposure to Cannabidiol Differently Modulate BDNF Expression and Signaling in the Cortico-Striatal Brain Network
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36009400

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2022: In a model of neuroinflammation, a CBD & terpene enriched cannabis extract lowered pro-inflammatory cytokines via several pathways
Non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. phytocomplex modulates microglial inflammatory response through CB2 receptors-, endocannabinoids-, and NF-κB-mediated signaling
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35393641/

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2022: In a rat model of neuropathic pain, CBD & THCV worked together to reduce pain & protect the neurons via the CB1 receptor & a serotonin receptor
Role of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain in rodents
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35303507/

​

2022: In human sodium channels (which help control electrical signals in epilepsy), CBD-rich hemp extracts inhibited the channel at much lower doses than isolated CBD
A nutraceutical product, extracted from Cannabis sativa, modulates voltage-gated sodium channel function
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35689251

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2022: In a mouse model of epilepsy, giving CBD extracts before inducing seizures caused the microglial cells (immune system guardians of the brain) to not move as much & not over accumulate in the hippocampus (memory center) causing a decrease in inflammation
Prophylactic Administration of Cannabidiol Reduces Microglial Inflammatory Response to Kainate-Induced Seizures and Neurogenesis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35700815

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2022: In a rat model of sciatic nerve damage, PEA decreased the intensity & duration of the pain, stabilized the microglia & astroglia (brain immune cells) & lowered neuroinflammation by several mechanisms
Analgesic Activity of Palmitoylethanolamide on Neuropathic Pain in Rats
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1819712422030047

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2022: A look at how CBD promotes new brain cell growth via the Akt & Erk pathways & the CB1 receptor
Cannabidiol Promotes Neuronal Differentiation Using Akt and Erk Pathways Triggered by Cb1 Signaling
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36080415

​

2022: In a neuronal model of blood loss to the brain, CBD caused its benefits via lowering the amount of CB2/serotonin heteromer complexes (two receptors joined together)
Regulation of Expression of Cannabinoid CB2 and Serotonin 5HT1A Receptor Complexes by Cannabinoids in Animal Models of Hypoxia and in Oxygen/Glucose-Deprived Neurons
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36077095

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2022: In a mouse model of stroke, CBD prevented neurological impairment, reduced neural deficits & protected against neurodegeneration
Cannabidiol Exerts a Neuroprotective and Glia-Balancing Effect in the Subacute Phase of Stroke
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36361675

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2022: In certain brain regions of rats, CBD increases BDNF (a brain growth factor)
Single and Repeated Exposure to Cannabidiol Differently Modulate BDNF Expression and Signaling in the Cortico-Striatal Brain Network
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36009400

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2022: In microglial cells (guardian immune cells of the brain), treatment with CBD increased levels of the mitochondrial fusion protein Mitofusin 2 that deals with inflammation – and in mice, CBD lessened the anxiety response & cognitive deficits from an inflammatory challenge as well as helping in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Mitofusin 2 confers the suppression of microglial activation by cannabidiol: Insights from in vitro and in vivo models
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35688339

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2022: In mice being fed a high-fat diet, CBD & omega-3 fatty acids caused them to live longer & protected from brain damage
Omega 3 Fatty Acid and Cannabidiol Prolong Lifespan and Ameliorates Brain Ischaemia in Mice Fed Chronic High Fat Diet
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=118370

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2022: In teens rats withdrawing from an alcohol binge, CBD increased their social exploration, reduced stress hormone levels, restored dopamine transmission & helped to strengthen & remodel their brain connections
Social stress under binge-like alcohol withdrawal in adolescence: evidence of cannabidiol effect on maladaptive plasticity in rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36065905

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2022: In brain cells, the toxicity of the chemo treatment paclitaxel is lessened by PEA
Palmitoylethanolamide Mitigates Paclitaxel Toxicity in Primary Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36551301

​

2022: In a rat model of stroke, β-caryophyllene (a predominant terpene of cannabis) caused significant neuroprotection via regulation of ferroptosis (a type of cell death, only recently discovered, caused by the accumulation of iron)
β-Caryophyllene Suppresses Ferroptosis Induced by Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion via Activation of the NRF2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in MCAO/R rats
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944711322001908

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2022: In a rat model of stroke, giving them beta-caryophyllene (a main terpene of cannabis) before the neural insult lowered neuroinflammation
Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Beta-Caryophyllene Mediated by the Involvement of TRPV1, BDNF and trkB in the Rat Cerebral Cortex after Hypoperfusion/Reperfusion
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/7/3633

​

2022: A tissue test of the antioxidative & neuroprotective properties of two cannabis extracts
Evaluation of two different Cannabis sativa L. extracts as antioxidant and neuroprotective agents
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36176449

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2022: In a mouse model of the loss of myelin (the sheaths around nerves that facilitate electrical signalling), activating their TRPV1 (a function of anandamide) increasing the functioning of the microglia (immune guardian cells of the brain)
Activation of TRPV1 receptor facilitates myelin repair following demyelination via the regulation of microglial function
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36229601

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2022: In a rat model of a heart attack causing blood loss to the brain, inhibiting the MGL enzyme (which breaks down 2-AG) was as effective as therapeutic hypothermia for fixing cerebral microcirculation, smaller brain swellings & protecting the blood brain barrier
The monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, JZL184, has comparable effects to therapeutic hypothermia, attenuating global cerebral injury in a rat model of cardiac arrest
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36252353

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2022: In a mouse model of spinal cord injury, activating the CB2 receptor lowered inflammation, reduced loss of the myelin sheaths, increased autophagy (recycling of damaged cellular components), caused less neuronal apoptosis (cellular suicide) & improved functionality of the hind legs
Cannabinoid receptor-2 attenuates neuroinflammation by promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of the NLRP3 inflammasome post spinal cord injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36238284

​

2022: In a cellular model of excitotoxicity (neuronal damage due to too much stimulation), a cannabis extract protected the brain cells via several mechanisms including brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, ERK modulation & a rescue of CB1 levels
Investigation on the neuroprotective effect of a cannabidiol-enriched non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. extract in an in vitro model of excitotoxicity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36179898

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2022: In a mouse model of the poor muscle control (ataxia) caused by damage to cerebellum, activating the CB1 receptor improved their locomotor activity & almost completely protected their cerebellum neurons from degradation
The cannabinoid antagonist, AM251 attenuates ataxia related deficiencies in a cerebellar ataxic model
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36120979

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2022: In a patient with a genetic variant that causes epilepsy & neurodevelopmental problems, CBD helped to alter the voltage problems across their neurons
Cannabidiol counters the effects of a dominant-negative pathogenic Kv7.2 variant
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004222013645

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2022: A study in former professional football players found that hemp extracts may help with cognitive performance & emotional processing
Automated Detection of Cognitive Performance and Resilience Changes in Former Professional American Football Players Following the Administration of a Hemp Extract
https://www.neuroregulation.org/article/view/22585

​

2022: In a computer simulation, the main cannabinoids seem to help with neurodegeneration via the alleviation of stress on the endoplasmic reticulum (the site of protein & lipid synthesis)
Promising Action of Cannabinoids on ER Stress-Mediated Neurodegeneration: An In Silico Investigation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374961

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2022: In oligodendrocytes (creators of the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons), the cannabinoids cause a range of actions including cell proliferation, migration, regulation of carbohydrate & lipid metabolism, control of mitochondrial function & differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
Cannabinoids modulate proliferation, differentiation, and migration signaling pathways in oligodendrocytes

https://europepmc.org/article/med/35622101
 

2022: This computer simulation study looked at the ability of THC, CBD, AEA & 2-AG to bind to the endoplasmic reticulum (final processing center for proteins) & how this helps to increase the breakdown of misfolded proteins
Promising action of cannabinoids on ER stress mediated neurodegeneration: An In Silico Investigation
https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/references/0ff459a57a4c08d0,forthcoming,40055.html

​

2022: In a model of brain damage from sepsis, activating the CB2 receptor prevented overactivation by the microglial cells (immune cells of the brain) & lowered neuronal pyroptosis (cell death from extreme inflammation)
Protective Effects of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor Against Microglia Overactivation and Neuronal Pyroptosis in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35460837/

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2022: In a mouse model of traumatic brain injury, the alterations to the endocannabinoid system exacerbates problems at the blood brain barrier & causes more neural deficits, suggesting cannabinoids as a treatment
Altered endocannabinoid metabolism compromises the brain-CSF barrier and exacerbates chronic deficits after traumatic brain injury in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36627040/

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2022: In traumatic brain injury, endocannabinoids help to control neuroinflammation via the MGL enzymes (that break down 2-AG) in the astrocytes (brain support cells)
Endocannabinoid control of neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury by monoacylglycerol lipase in astrocytes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36254984

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2022: In a model of traumatic brain injury, enhancing the endocannabinoid signaling of 2-AG promotes recovery of the astrocytes (important support cells of the neurons), greater resilience to injury, lessened neuropathology & protected from cognitive declines
Enhancing endocannabinoid signalling in astrocytes promotes recovery from traumatic brain injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35136958/

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2022: In patients with traumatic brain injury, the use of THC before their injury led to no negative changes in outcome & was correlated to a decreased rate of hemorrhagic stroke
Thromboembolic Outcomes in Tetrahydrocannabinol-Positive Trauma Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35305485/

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2022: In a review of public health data on acute strokes, cannabis users had a lower overall mortality risk than non-users
Acute Ischemic Stroke Among Cannabis Users in the United States and Possible Risk Factors for Mortality
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36525572/

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2022: In a model of intracerebral hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain – the second most common cause of stroke), PEA lowered neuroinflammation & improved motor function via the PPAR-α receptors (nuclear receptors that control genetic transcription) in microglial cells (the immune cells of the brain)

Palmitoylethanolamide ameliorates neuroinflammation via modulating PPAR-α to promote the functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394022002051

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2022: In humans using medical cannabis, six months of use increased the coherence of their white matter while CBD reduced their mean diffusivity (higher water content in their brain, neuroprotective against demyelination diseases like Parkinson’s)
Increased White Matter Coherence Following Three and Six Months of Medical Cannabis Treatment
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36367574

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2022: In rats with spinal nerve injuries, activating the CB1 receptor reduced pain as well as altering the plasticity of the relevant neurons
Endogenous Cannabinoid Receptors Modulate Plasticity at Immature Synapses
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35864772

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2022: In rats with spinal cord injuries, the increased expression of CB2 receptors helped to reduce neuropathic pain by lowering the transmission of pain signals into the spinal cord
Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are upregulated via bivalent histone modifications and control primary afferent input to the spinal cord in neuropathic pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35500651/

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2022: In a mouse model of Huntington’s disease, as the disease progressed, the levels of CB1 decreased in their hippocampus (a memory center of the brain) & activating the CB1 receptor helped to prevent & rescue memory deficits
Cannabinoid receptor in hippocampal hippocampus as a potential therapeutic treatment for the cognitive deficits in Huntington diseases
https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/93/Suppl_1/A92.2.abstract

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2022: For Huntington’s disease, a look at why the disease’s disruption of the endocannabinoid system causes more disease progression
Cannabinoid signaling and risk in Huntington's disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36118134

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2022: An array of techniques determines when the body breaks down CBG, the resulting metabolites are also active in our system & when applied to brain immune cells, they reduce inflammation
Metabolites of Cannabigerol (CBG) Generated by Human Cytochrome P450s are Bioactive
https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/62c5fd7e14201f3bbe287333

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2022: On treating neuroinflammation via targeting of the CB2 receptor

CB2 receptor activation inhibits the phagocytic function of microglia through activating ERK/AKT-Nurr1 signal pathways

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35132190/

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2022: This look at the CB2 receptors of parrots finds that they help with neuroinflammation (as well as intriguing backstory on the evolution)

Revealing genomic changes responsible for cannabinoid receptor loss in parrots: mechanism and functional effects

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474805v1

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2022: In a mouse model of traumatic brain injury, increasing the endocannabinoid signaling caused greater resilience to injury, lessened neuropathology & protected from cognitive declines

Enhancing endocannabinoid signalling in astrocytes promotes recovery from traumatic brain injury

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35136958/

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2022: In a survey of military veterans with persistent symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injuries, the self-reported reasons for cannabis use include “neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disturbances, and pain for which standard treatments (both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic) provided insufficient relief”

Cannabis Use in a Cohort of Healthcare-Seeking United States Military Veterans With Persisting Symptoms After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Preliminary Observations

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35064271/

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2021: In a tissue sample of spinal discs, activating the CB2 receptor relieved oxidative stress & the inflammatory response

CB2-mediated attenuation of nucleus pulposus degeneration via the amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34412587/

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2021: In a rat model of traumatic brain injury, direct injection of CBD into the brain restored several measures of motor & cognitive function

Cannabidiol reduces lesion volume and restores vestibulomotor and cognitive function following moderately severe traumatic brain injury

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34428457/

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2021: In a rat model of traumatic brain injury, direct injection of CBD into the brain restored several measures of motor & cognitive function

Cannabidiol reduces lesion volume and restores vestibulomotor and cognitive function following moderately severe traumatic brain injury

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34428457/

2021: A drug combining CBD with a derivative of a malaria drug helped to reduce neuroinflammation & protect the microglia (guardian immune cells of the brain)
Cannabidiol-dihydroartemisinin conjugates for ameliorating neuroinflammation with reduced cytotoxicity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33852975
 

2021: In a tissue sample of spinal discs, activating the CB2 receptor relieved oxidative stress & the inflammatory response

CB2-mediated attenuation of nucleus pulposus degeneration via the amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34412587/

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2021: The CB2 receptor is a key pathway to control homeostasis of our brain’s microglia (immune cells that respond to potential threats)

Cannabinoid receptor 2 is necessary to induce toll-like receptor-mediated microglial activation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34499767/

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2021: In rat neurons insulted by kainic acid (a toxin), 2-AG caused neuroprotection via modulation of the sodium channels

Modulatory effect of 2-arachidonoylglycerol on voltage-gated sodium currents in rat caudate nucleus neurons with kainic acid-induced injury

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34549704/

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2021: In a rat model of a traumatic brain injury, CBD improved the integrity of the blood-brain barrier & reduced edema (brain swelling from excess fluids)

Effects of cannabinoid (CBD) on blood brain barrier permeability after brain injury in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34289379/

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2021: In mice with no DAGL-β enzyme (which creates 2-AG), they had less neuroinflammation during traumatic brain injury & displayed gender differences

Diacylglycerol Lipase-β Knockout Mice Display a Sex-Dependent Attenuation of Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Mortality with No Impact on Memory or Other Functional Consequences

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142866/

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2021: In baby rats with crushed spinal cords, CBD protected the neurons in the spine & reduced the reaction of the glial cells, probably via the CB1 receptor

Short and long-term neuroprotective effects of cannabidiol after neonatal peripheral nerve axotomy

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34303725/

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2021: In rats with spinal cord injuries, activating the CB2 receptor helped mitigate their osteoporosis

Delayed Systemic Treatment with Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist Mitigates Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Osteoporosis More Than Acute Treatment Directly after Injury

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34223557/

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2021: In a patient with severe pain after a stroke, a 1:1 ratio of THC & CBD gave relief after 3 years of other therapies did not

Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol as an oromucosal spray in a 1:1 ratio: a therapeutic option for patients with central post-stroke pain syndrome?

https://casereports.bmj.com/content/14/7/e243072.abstract

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2021: In an animal model of stroke, they already knew that PEA protects the blood-brain barrier & the brain itself. This study found that the effects weren’t only mediated by changes in genetic transcription (the PPARα receptor) but also by the regulation of the cell’s microfilaments

PEA prevented early BBB disruption after cerebral ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury through regulation of ROCK/MLC signaling

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006291X21009335

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2021: In mouse brain cells, CBD helps protects them via the process of autophagy

Cannabidiol induces autophagy via ERK1/2 activation in neural cells

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33686185/

 

2021: In neurons of the hippocampus, CBD provided neuroprotection against oxidative stress

Neuroprotective Effect of Cannabidiol Against Hydrogen Peroxide in Hippocampal Neuron Culture

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33614951/

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2021: In mice, the researchers looked at the pathways that CBD used to protect the brain & found that it involved CB1, CB2, a serotonin receptor & the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ

Differential contribution of CB1, CB2, 5-HT1A, and PPAR-γ receptors to cannabidiol effects on ischemia-induced emotional and cognitive impairments

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33522084/

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2021: In mice exposed to chemical warfare nerve agents that induce seizures, CBD increased their survival rate & attenuated seizure severity

Cannabidiol reduces soman-induced lethality and seizure severity in female plasma carboxylesterase knockout mice treated with midazolam

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33290784/

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2021: In rats, the terpene β-caryophyllene protects against dementia caused by neuroinflammation

Beta-caryophyllene, a CB2R selective agonist, protects against cognitive impairment caused by neuro-inflammation and not in dementia due to ageing induced by mitochondrial dysfunction

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33530917/

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2021: In the brains of mice, having no CB1 receptors leads to the brain aging faster

Lack of Cannabinoid Receptor Type-1 Leads to Enhanced Age-Related Neuronal Loss in the Locus Coeruleus

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/5

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2021: In the immune cells of a mouse's brain, the neurodegeneration caused by HIV was lessened by inhibition of the FAAH enzyme via GPR18

GPR18 drives FAAH inhibition-induced neuroprotection against HIV-1 Tat-induced neurodegeneration

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33736974/

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2021: In neural stem cells, they express the machinery of the endocannabinoid system & adding cannabinoids like 2-AG increased their proliferation

Cannabinoid Receptor Modulation of Neurogenesis: ST14A Striatal Neural Progenitor Cells as a Simplified In Vitro Model

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/5/1448/htm

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2021: In mice with a central nervous system injury, early treatment with a CB2 agonist protected the brain & improved the immune response

Effect of Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Modulation on the Peripheral Immune Response in Central Nervous System Injury-Induced Immunodeficiency Syndrome

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2020.0130

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2021: In five cases of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, cannabis helped with disruptive behavior & the authors note that CBD shows a "marked and statistically significant improvement"

Use of Cannabis in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33614955/

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2021: In a rat model of Fragile X Syndrome, the CB2 receptor is necessary for protection against neuropathic pain

Role of the endocannabinoid system in a mouse model of Fragile X undergoing neuropathic pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33619843/

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2021: In microglial cells (the immune cells of the brain), the cannabinoid receptors help to regulate inflammation via genetic transcription

Cannabinoid receptors modulate LPS-induced increase of class-II transactivator expression levels in a microglial cell line

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10799893.2020.1868510?journalCode=irst20

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2021: In rats, nanoformulations of anandamide were administered & seemed to protect both the brain & the heart

Central nervous system, peripheral and hemodynamic effects of nanoformulated anandamide in hypertension

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33388673/

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2021: In neurons of the hippocampus, an inhibitor of MGL protects them from injury during ischemia via the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway

JZL184 protects hippocampal neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury via activating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33375871/

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2021: In astrocytes (a type of immune cell in the brain), a synthetic cannabinoid inhibited inflammation

The Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist, WIN, Suppresses the Activation of Proinflammatory Genes Induced by Interleukin 1 Beta in Human Astrocytes

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2020.0128

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2021: In a neuronal model of neurodegeneration, three cannabinoids isolated from seized cannabis in Thailand were found to be neuroprotective

Neuroprotective activities of three cannabinoids separated from confiscated cannabis in Thailand

https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/tmj/article/view/248273

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2020: In rats, CBD helps to protect the brain during injury by increasing apoptosis (programmed cellular suicide) via the PI3K/AKT pathway

Cannabidiol alleviates hemorrhagic shock-induced neural apoptosis in rats by inducing autophagy through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32215966

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2020: In microglial cells, CBD potently inhibited proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and that of glutamate, a noncytokine mediator of inflammation via NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production and NF-κB-dependent signaling events – also found that the ability of CBD to prevent glucose uptake also contributes to the anti-inflammatory effect

Cannabidiol prevents LPS-induced microglial inflammation by inhibiting ROS/NF-κB-dependent signaling and glucose consumption

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31647138

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2020: In a cell culture of hippocampus neurons, CBD protected against the insult of hydrogen peroxide

Neuroprotective Effect of Cannabidiol Against Hydrogen Peroxide in Hippocampal Neuron Culture

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/can.2019.0102

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2020: In neuron tissue, CBD protects the cells against stress via the heme oxygenase (HO) system (the enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme in your blood)

Cannabidiol Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in Mesencephalic Cultures against the Complex I Inhibitor Rotenone Via Modulation of Heme Oxygenase Activity and Bilirubin

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32033040

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2020: In mice, activating their CB receptors protected both their retinas & their brains

Effect of acute and subchronic administration of (R)-WIN55,212-2 induced neuroprotection and anti inflammatory actions in rat retina: CB1 and CB2 receptor involvement

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197018620302989

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2020: In diabetic rats, activating the CB2 receptor protected the brain via increased blood flow

A cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonist augments NOS-dependent responses of cerebral arterioles during type 1 diabetes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32979391/

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2020: In mouse brain cells, this study examined how CBD, CBG & their acid forms protected the neurons

A Comparative In Vitro Study of the Neuroprotective Effect Induced by Cannabidiol, Cannabigerol, and Their Respective Acid Forms: Relevance of the 5-HT 1A Receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32886342/

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2020: In mice, their astroglia (immune cells in the brain) have their energy levels regulated by CB1 receptors on their mitochondria

Glucose metabolism links astroglial mitochondria to cannabinoid effects

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2470-y

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2020: In mouse neurons, the protective molecule orexin-A seems to prevent cell death via 2-AG & the CB1 receptor

Role of 2-Arachidonoyl-Glycerol and CB1 Receptors in Orexin-A-Mediated Prevention of Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Neuronal Injury

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32575773/

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2020: In brain cells of rats experiencing neurotoxicity, both CBD & CBG rescued serotonin levels & acted as antioxidants – but only CBD helped to repair the release of neurotransmitters

Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat CTX-TNA2 Astrocytes and Isolated Cortexes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443623/

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2020: In neuronal tissue, the Tat protein of HIV is thought to be a major cause of the disease's neurocognitive disorders & the Tat protein cause CB1 receptors to not work as well on the presynaptic junctions where they usually cause neuroprotection

HIV Tat Protein Selectively Impairs CB 1 Receptor-Mediated Presynaptic Inhibition at Excitatory but Not Inhibitory Synapses

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32471847/

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2020: In mice, a new mechanism found for how the CB2 receptor calms the brain's Purkinje cells via the inhibition of GABA-A

Cannabinoid type 2 receptors inhibit GABAA receptor-mediated currents in cerebellar Purkinje cells of juvenile mice

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7241750/

2020: In mice, CB1 agonist helps to repair myelin after a brain insult

Dose-dependent effect of cannabinoid WIN-55,212-2 on myelin repair following a demyelinating insult

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-57290-1

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2020: In rat brains, CBD & CBG protected and modulated the neurons

Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat Hypo-E22 cells and Isolated Hypothalamus

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31941059

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2020: In mice, activating the CB2 receptor helped with pain via the microglia (the brain's immune cells)

Low-dose cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist induces microglial activation in a cancer pain-morphine tolerance rat model

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33131746/

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2020: In humans, the difference between how sensitive we are to the psychoactive effects of THC is linked to how it affects our cortisol levels & the function of our glial cells (brain's immune cells) (16 participants)

Differential sensitivity to the acute psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol associated with its differential acute effects on glial function and cortisol

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33107418/

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2020: In cells, micronized PEA (FM-LipoMatrix®) combined with lipoic acid & vitamin D3 caused better absorption & reduced neuroinflammation

A New Palmitoylethanolamide Form Combined with Antioxidant Molecules to Improve Its Effectivess on Neuronal Aging

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7408069/

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