Anxiety, Stress & Depression
Clinical Trials
2022: Among patients taking CBD for a month, it significantly improved well-being, anxiety, sleep disturbance & pain
The Safety and Effectiveness of Commercially Available Cannabidiol Products for Health and Well-Being: A Randomized, Multi-Arm, Open-Label Waitlist-Controlled Trial
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/imr.2022.0081
2022: In young people with treatment-resistant anxiety, CBD (up to 800 mg per day) significantly reduced their depression scores
Cannabidiol for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders in Young People: An Open-Label Trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35921510
2022: In a survey of medical cannabis patients in Oklahoma, they found cannabis to provide ‘extreme relief’ from anxiety, sleep problems, nausea & depression
Characteristics of adults with a medical cannabis license, reasons for use, and perceptions of benefit following medical cannabis legalization in Oklahoma
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335522000845
2022: In people with moderate to severe anxiety, a sublingual CBD solution for four weeks improved anxiety, mood, sleep, quality of life & cognition
Clinical and cognitive improvement following full-spectrum, high-cannabidiol treatment for anxiety: open-label data from a two-stage, phase 2 clinical trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36352103
2022: A survey of women’s cannabis use around menopause reported that many found it helpful for sleep & anxiety
A survey of medical cannabis use during perimenopause and postmenopause
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35917529
2022: A survey of singers finds that they use CBD for stress, anxiety or chronic pain
Alternative and Complimentary Medication Use in Singers: A Pilot Survey
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36270919
2022: A series of case studies on using CBD for anxiety (with an especially well-done chart on the many biochemical actions of CBD)
Cannabidiol as a personalized treatment for anxiety: clinical cases in Mexico
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36188636
2022: Among patients with fibromyalgia, part of the ability of medical cannabis to help with pain results from their ability to help with sleep, anxiety & depression
Predictors of pain reduction among fibromyalgia patients using medical cannabis: a long-term prospective cohort study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35876631
2022: Another survey of CBD users (young adults this time) that list the tops uses of CBD as pain, sleep & anxiety
Cannabidiol Knowledge, Perceptions, and Use Among Young Adults in 6 U.S. Metropolitan Areas
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35878060
2022: In male vs female cancer patients, cannabis helped both groups with pain, sleep, anxiety & well-being – but in females, it helped with nausea, lack of appetite & shortness of breath while in males it helped more with pain
Sex differences exist in the perceived relief of cancer symptoms with medical cannabis: results from the Quebec Cannabis Registry
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35723729
2022: A survey of Canadian cannabis users found these conditions at the top of the list: anxiety (70%), insomnia (56%), pain (53%), depression (37%)
A description of self-medication with cannabis among adults with legal access to cannabis in Quebec, Canada
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35619155
2022: A case report of cannabis helping with generalized anxiety disorder
A Case Report on Generalized Anxiety Disorder through Medical Cannabis
https://www.allcasereports.com/article/45/4-1-8-630.pdf
2022: A review of the reasons for medical cannabis use in Ontario
Declared Rationale for Cannabis Use Before and After Legalization for Nonmedical Use: A Longitudinal Study of Community Adults in Ontario
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35333612/
2022: An analysis of medical cannabis patients finds that it helps them with generalized anxiety disorder
UK Medical Cannabis Registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937473/
2022: An analysis of the patients in the UK’s Medical Cannabis Registry, they found “treatment to be associated with a relatively low incidence of severe adverse events” & “positive changes following treatment were observed in general, as well as anxiety and sleep-specific, HRQoL [health-related quality of life] outcomes”
An Updated Analysis of Clinical Outcome Measures Across Patients From the UK Medical Cannabis Registry
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35073160/
2022: A study of anxiety in humans finds that 2-AG levels change in response to stress
Endocannabinoid system reactivity during stress processing in healthy humans
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35090896/
2021: This survey finds patients using CBG-rich products report for anxiety, chronic pain, depression & insomnia
Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34569849/
2021: This survey confirms that people find CBD effective for their anxiety
Expectancies about the effects of cannabidiol products on anxiety symptoms
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14659891.2021.2006341
2021: In a study of human using cannabis, chemovars (strains) of cannabis high in CBD reduced the plasma concentrations of THC as well as the reports of paranoia & anxiety while still reporting a similar positive mood effect
Effects of cannabidiol in cannabis flower: Implications for harm reduction
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34467598/
2021: In frontline healthcare professionals working with COVID-19 patients, 1 month of CBD reduced symptoms of burnout & emotional exhaustion
Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Plus Standard Care vs Standard Care Alone for the Treatment of Emotional Exhaustion and Burnout Among Frontline Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Clinical Trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34387679/
2021: This survey of Canadian cannabis clinics found CBD helped for pain, anxiety & depression in moderate & severe cases but not mild cases
Cannabidiol use and effectiveness: real-world evidence from a Canadian medical cannabis clinic
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34162446/
2021: This study from Brazil suggests using CBD to prevent burnout for health care workers on the frontline of the COVID pandemic
Cannabidiol as a Treatment for Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33843818
2021: In humans with depression, the improvements caused by transcranial magnetic stimulation (a gentle electric charge on the skull) seem to be at last partially mediated by 2-AG
Peripheral endocannabinoid serum level in association with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment in patients with major depressive disorder
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33893327/
2020: For people stressed out about COVID, this paper suggests CBD
Could Cannabidiol Be a Treatment for Coronavirus Disease-19-Related Anxiety Disorders?
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/can.2020.0102
2020: In a human observation study, the efficacy of cannabis as an antidepressant
The Effectiveness of Cannabis Flower for Immediate Relief from Symptoms of Depression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7309674/
2020: In a survey of older patients, cannabis found helpful for anxiety
CANNABIS USE FOR ANXIETY AMONG OLDER ADULTS
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1064748120301238
2020: In a human case study, CBD found helpful for a teen with depression & drug abuse - after taking high levels of CBD, they quit their depression medication & stopped abusing illegal drugs
Cannabidiol treatment in an adolescent with multiple substance abuse, social anxiety and depression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32052321
2020: In human teens who use cannabis experience higher rates of depression than those who don't use it - but a higher frequency of use was associated with lower rates of depression
Relationship between cannabis use frequency and major depressive disorder in adolescents: Findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2012–2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31958677
2013: In humans, CBD helped with the conditioning, extinction & recall of fear
Cannabidiol enhances consolidation of explicit fear extinction in humans
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307069
2011: In a double-blind study of humans with anxiety, 400 mg of CBD reduced anxiety - scans showed decreased activity in left parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and inferior temporal gyrus (anxiety mediating centers) & increased activity in right posterior cingulate gyrus (an emotional processing center)
Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829306
2011: In humans, CBD helps with public speaking anxiety
Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21307846/
2010: In humans, CBD can block fear response of THC because they seem to have opposite effects on regional brain function
Opposite effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human brain function and psychopathology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924114
2009: In humans, brain scans showed how CBD altered anxiety when shown fearful faces
Modulation of effective connectivity during emotional processing by Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19775500/
1993: In humans, CBD helped for public speaking
Effects of ipsapirone and cannabidiol on human experimental anxiety
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22290374
1982: In a double-blind human study, CBD blocked the anxiety caused by THC
Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by delta 9-THC in normal subjects
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6285406
1974: In a double-blind human study, CBD at 60 mg caused no side effects – but it did block many of the effects of THC, including anxiety
Cannabidiol interferes with the effects of delta 9 - tetrahydrocannabinol in man
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4609777/
Chart Gallery
2017: The endocannabinoid system as a target for novel anxiolytic drugs
2019: Emerging evidence for the antidepressant effect of cannabidiol and the underlying molecular mechanisms
2014: A critical role for prefrontocortical endocannabinoid signaling in the regulation of stress and emotional behavior
2017: The endocannabinoid system as a target for novel anxiolytic drugs
Best reviews
2022: A review of using CBD for stress-related disorders
Potential Utility of Cannabidiol in Stress-Related Disorders
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36409719
2022: A review confirms the efficacy of CBD for social anxiety
Systematic literature review of human studies assessing the efficacy of cannabidiol for social anxiety
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772598722000551
2022: A review of the studies on using CBD & THC for anxiety
Medicinal cannabis for the treatment of anxiety disorders
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35908759
2022: A review of the evidence for CBD finds help for anxiety & anti-addiction effects
The safety and efficacy of low oral doses of cannabidiol: An evaluation of the evidence
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36259271
2022: A review on treating depression rapidly by targeting the endocannabinoid system
Rapid treatments for depression: Endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35351488/
2022: This review looks at the use of CBD for psychiatric disorders & finds the strongest evidence for psychotic symptoms & anxiety
A scoping review of the use of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34952255/
2022: A review of cannabis for anxiety
A Comparative Review of Cannabis-Based Medication and First-Line Pharmacotherapy Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
https://ijrpr.com/uploads/V3ISSUE1/IJRPR2280.pdf
2021: This review looks at how the endocannabinoids regulate your metabolism, stress response & development
Lipid endocannabinoids in energy metabolism, stress and developmental programming
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34843899/
2021: CV Sciences medical adviser Dr. Jamie Corroon on using CBD to lessen the anxiety that can be caused by THC
https://uproxx.com/life/how-to-smoke-weed-without-paranoia-guide/
2020: In a double-blind study of humans with Parkinson’s, 300 mg of CBD decreased anxiety and tremors during a simulation of public speaking
Effects of acute cannabidiol administration on anxiety and tremors induced by a Simulated Public Speaking Test in patients with Parkinson's disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31909680
2019: In humans using benzodiazepines, almost half of them could stop using them after starting medical cannabis (146 patients in retrospective analysis)
Reduction of Benzodiazepine Use in Patients Prescribed Medical Cannabis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6757237/
2019: In humans, "there was no significant association between marijuana use and experiencing [a major depressive episode], and no association between marijuana use and suicidal ideation"
Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14616175/
2019: Shannon’s case series on anxiety & sleep in humans using CBD-rich hemp extracts
Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30624194
2019: In a double-blind study of human teens with anxiety, 300 mg of CBD helped significantly
Anxiolytic Effects of Repeated Cannabidiol Treatment in Teenagers With Social Anxiety Disorders
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31787910
2019: In a human study, U shaped curve found for CBD’s help for public speaking anxiety
Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30328956
Timeline of Research
2023: In mice, a single dose of CBD reduced obsessive-compulsive symptoms & object memory in males but not females while it lessened anxiety behavior in both, probably via the potassium channels
Single cannabidiol administration affects anxiety-, obsessive compulsive-, object memory-, and attention-like behaviors in mice in a sex and concentration dependent manner
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36455670
2022: In stress-related psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, schizophrenia & depression, a review of how CBD’s ability to methylate (turn off) genes in the DNA can help regulate enzymes that help with these disorders
Regulation of DNA Methylation by Cannabidiol and Its Implications for Psychiatry: New Insights from In Vivo and In Silico Models
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36421839
2022: In older rats, 7 days of CBD treatment caused an antidepressant effect
Dose-Dependent Antidepressant-Like Effects of Cannabidiol in Aged Rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35847003
2022: In a mouse model of depression, inhibiting the FAAH enzyme helped reverse depression caused by early life stress
FAAH Inhibition Restores Early Life Stress-Induced Alterations in PFC microRNAs Associated with Depressive-Like Behavior in Male and Female Rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36555739
2022: Hair analysis suggests that low anandamide levels are correlated with symptoms of depression
Depressive symptoms are negatively associated with hair N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) levels: A cross-lagged panel analysis of four annual assessment waves examining hair endocannabinoids and cortisol
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36252885
2022: In a mouse model of anxiety, the ability of CBD to lower anxiety seemed to have gender differences based on the hormone cycle of the females
Sex-dependent differences in the anxiolytic-like effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36239039
2022: In mice being fed high-carb ultra-processed food, CBD lowered the anxiety-inducing nature & compulsive behaviors caused by that diet
Cannabidiol ameliorates the anxiogenic and compulsive-like behaviors induced by chronic consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet in male mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36040711
2022: In a mouse model of anxiety & depression, CBD seemed to help via the CB1 receptor as well as by increasing the genetic expression of GABA & cannabinoid receptors
Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Involvement in the Actions of CBD on Anxiety and Coping Behaviors in Mice
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/4/473/htm
2022: Endocannabinoids & endovanilloids balance each other’s actions in the release of stress hormones
Cannabinoid and vanilloid pathways mediate opposing forms of synaptic plasticity in corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35034400/
2022: In horses being transported, CBD reduced stress
Cannabidiol Supplementation and Physiological Response in Transported Horses
https://academic.oup.com/jas/article/100/Supplement_1/33/6544471?login=true
2022: In steers, feeding them hemp rich in CBDA helped with stress & inflammation
Short term feeding of industrial hemp with a high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) content increases lying behavior and reduces biomarkers of stress and inflammation in Holstein steers
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256692/
2022: In dairy cows, daily injections of AEA & 2-AG helped with stress & metabolism
Effects of endocannabinoids on feed intake, stress response and whole-body energy metabolism in dairy cows
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34880316/
2022: In a mouse model of fear and anxiety, using orexin to increase 2-AG levels in the amygdala & hippocampus led to less extinction of fearful memories
Amygdalar CB2 cannabinoid receptor mediates fear extinction deficits promoted by orexin-A/hypocretin-1
2022: In female mice with early life stress, CBD reverses their anxiety & depression behaviors via a modulation of brain energy metabolism
Early-life stress induces emotional and molecular alterations in female mice that are partially reversed by cannabidiol
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34973413/
2022: In female mice with early life stress, CBD reverses their anxiety & depression behaviors via a modulation of brain energy metabolism
Early-life stress induces emotional and molecular alterations in female mice that are partially reversed by cannabidiol
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34973413/
2022: In a mouse model of depression, LSD combined with CBD to help alleviate depression more than either substance alone
Synergistic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and cannabidiol (CBD)
2022: In a mouse model of depression, CBD prevented depressive behaviors by modulating the differentiation of neural stem cells into less stressful configurations
Cannabidiol prevents depressive-like behaviors through the modulation of neural stem cell differentiation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35212887/
2022: In a rat model of depression, blocking the CB1 receptor at certain timeframes increased their locomotion
CB1-RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST SR-141716A MODULATES LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN OBXRATS
https://www.journal-imab-bg.org/issues-2022/issue1/2022vol28-issue1-4202-4206.pdf
2021: In a rat model of depression, males & females showed differential antidepressant effects from CBD
Strain, Sex, and Time Dependent Antidepressant-like Effects of Cannabidiol
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202110.0347/v1
2021: In the hair of chronic cocaine users, they contained higher levels of the steroid cortisone (which becomes the stress hormone cortisol) & lower levels of the endocannabinoids OEA & PEA
Alterations of stress-related glucocorticoids and endocannabinoids in hair of chronic cocaine users
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34676867/
2021: In stressed rats, inhibiting the FAAH enzyme caused antistress effects in their brains, reduced stress hormones & promoted a return to baseline
Effects of Fatty Acid Amide Hydroxylase Inhibitor URB597 on the Catecholaminergic Activity of the Adrenal Medulla in Stressed Male and Female Rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34794150/
2021: In an animal model, the antidepressant effects of rosmarinic acid (found in rosemary) is probably mediated by the endocannabinoid system
Antidepressant-like effect of rosmarinic acid during LPS-induced neuroinflammatory model: The potential role of cannabinoid receptors/PPAR-γ signaling pathway
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.7318
2021: In mice with no CB1 receptors in their neurons that release stress hormones, they were more likely to be started by sudden loud sounds
CB1 receptors in corticotropin-releasing factor neurons selectively control the acoustic startle response in male mice
2021: In female rats exposed to the smell of a predator, they had lower levels of 2-AG & higher levels of AEA in the amygdala (fear center of the brain) versus male rats who showed none of these alterations
Amygdalar endocannabinoids are affected by predator odor stress in a sex-specific manner and modulate acoustic startle reactivity in female rats
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352289521000953
2021: In rats experiencing fear, this study looks at the interaction of adrenaline, stress hormones & the endocannabinoid system
Interactions of noradrenergic, glucocorticoid and endocannabinoid systems intensify and generalize fear memory traces
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34560200/
2021: In mice with depression induced by mild stress, activating the CB1 receptor reduced neuroinflammation & lessened oxidative stress injury
Cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2 reduces unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive behavior of rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34430611/
2021: In rats, mothers being fed a high-fat diet altered the CB1 levels in the brains of their sons & led to depressive symptoms in early life
Maternal High-Fat Diet Modulates Cnr1 Gene Expression in Male Rat Offspring
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445045/
2021: In a mouse model of depression, CBD was suggested as an antidepressant
The effects of cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and combinations of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the open field test and forced swim test
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1388245721005204
2021: In a fruit fly model of depression, an extract made from hemp seeds alleviated depression symptoms & modulated the circadian rhythm
Anti-depressant effects of ethanol extract from Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed in chlorpromazine-induced Drosophila melanogaster depression model
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362287/
2021: In rats with depression from traumatic nerve pain, the injury seems to lower the levels of cannabinoids & lead to behavioral depression
Dynamic Change of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Controls the Development of Depression after Neuropathic Pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34244365/
2021: In rats with nerve injuries, CBD helped with pain & symptoms of depression via the serotonin receptors & CB1 receptors
Cannabidiol in the prelimbic cortex modulates the comorbid condition between the chronic neuropathic pain and depression-like behaviour in rats: The role of medial prefrontal cortex 5-HT 1A and CB 1 receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34192579/
2021: In a rodent model of depression, CBD prevented “both behavioral & neuro-immunological changes associated” with depression as well as modulating neuroinflammation
Cannabidiol prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior and alters cytokine and neurotrophic factor levels in the brain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34218397/
2021: In mice, ketamine & CBD combined to increase their antidepressant effects
Co-administration of cannabidiol and ketamine induces antidepressant-like effects devoid of hyperlocomotor side-effects
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34157363/
2021: In rats, the lateral hypothalamus (brain area involved with the body’s response to emotional stress) modulated their cardiovascular response to stress via the CB1 receptors & GABA
Lateral hypothalamus involvement in control of stress response by bed nucleus of the stria terminalis endocannabinoid neurotransmission in male rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34373508/
2021: In a mouse model of chronic unpredictable stress, the analgesic drug dipyrone may exert its effects via the ECS & the TRPV1 receptor (which is activated by anandamide)
The role of endocannabinoid system and TRPV1 receptors in the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of dipyrone in chronic unpredictable mild stress in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34270988/
2021: In rats exposed to THC, CBD blocked the anxiety-producing effects & enhanced the anxiety-reliving effects
Female but not male rats show biphasic effects of low doses of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on anxiety: can cannabidiol interfere with these effects?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34181978/
2021: In rats, the ability of 2-AG to reduce fear & stress behaviors is mediated by CB1 & CB2
Anti-aversive effect of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of male rats in contextual fear conditioning and Vogel tests
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34074811/
2021: In mice, an analysis of CBD's effect on brain activity confirms that "CBD reduces autonomic arousal under conditions of emotional and physical stress"
Cannabidiol Has a Unique Effect on Global Brain Activity: A Pharmacological, Functional MRI Study in Awake Mice
https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr288117
2021: In a rat model of depression, CBD modulated neuroinflammation & produced antidepressant-like effects
Cannabidiol antidepressant-like effect in the lipopolysaccharide model in mice: modulation of inflammatory pathways
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295221000290
2021: In mice, CBD caused antidepressant effects via the serotonin & noradrenaline in the hippocampus
Chronic administration of synthetic cannabidiol induces antidepressant effects involving modulation of serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the hippocampus
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33388355/
2021: In diabetic animals, CBD caused antidepressant & anxiolytic effects
Cannabidiol induces antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects in experimental type-1 diabetic animals by multiple sites of action
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33464458/
2021: In rats, the ability of cannabinoids to lower anxiety may be via the nitric oxide system
Interactions between the nitrergic and the endocannabinoid system in rats exposed to the elevated T maze
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33818338/
2021: In mice with no CB1 receptors, social stress caused increased mortality, dysregulation of the hormones & altered brain immune cell responses
Cannabinoid receptor 1 signalling modulates stress susceptibility and microglial responses to chronic social defeat stress
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33723234/
2021: A nicely designed clinical study of anandamide (AEA) levels & your ability to stop reacting to a negative stimulus
Fear extinction learning and anandamide: an fMRI study in healthy humans
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33723207/
2021: In humans who have experienced trauma, their levels of circulating endocannabinoids is impacted & may function as a clinical target for treating their depression
Circulating endocannabinoids and prospective risk for depression in trauma-injury survivors
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352289521000126
2021: In a rat model of anxiety from colitis, the increase in the FAAH enzyme led to lower levels of AEA & more anxiety
Comorbid anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of colitis is mediated by an upregulation of corticolimbic fatty acid amide hydrolase
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33452437/
2021: In humans experiencing acute stress, the levels of 2-AG in their saliva increased
Endocannabinoid reactivity to acute stress: Investigation of the relationship between salivary and plasma levels
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33460783/
2021: A great deep-dive research in mice about how the stress response is regulated by FAAH (the enzyme that breaks down anandamide) & MAGL (the enzyme that breaks down 2-AG)
Selective inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase is associated with passive coping behavior and attenuation of stress-induced dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352289521000011
2021: In rats, inhibition of the FAAH enzyme & exposure to early life stress may increase depression
Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) during adolescence and exposure to early life stress may exacerbate depression-like behaviors in male and female rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33359656/
2021: In the amygdala of monkeys, there's a high density of CB1 receptor & hence the suggestion that targeting the endocannabinoid system will be a useful treatment for fear & anxiety in humans
Expression of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) in CCK-immunoreactive axon terminals in the basolateral amygdala of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33352287/
2020: In humans with panic disorder, a look at their endocannabinoids levels
Blood endocannabinoid levels in patients with panic disorder
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33091759/
2020: In rats experiencing chronic unpredictable stress, a FAAH inhibitor had a marked gender difference in its effects on behavior & catecholamines (the neurotransmitter family including dopamine & adrenaline)
Inhibition of the fatty acid amide hydrolase changes behaviors and brain catecholamines in a sex-specific manner in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32966816/
2020: In rats, when morphine helps alleviate the negative side effects of stress, it does so partially via the ECS
Morphine improved stress-induced amnesia and anxiety through interacting with the ventral hippocampal endocannabinoid system in rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32937186/
2020: A grad student thesis found that "CBD increases serotonin receptor activity in crayfish as seen with SSRIs, thus could be of use in treating anxiety"
From the Dinner Pot to Smoking Pot; How a Better Understanding of Cannabidiol in Crayfish could Alleviate Anxiety and Modulate Hunger
https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/985/
2020: In mice experiencing stress, anandamide regulates the release of noradrenaline into the amygdala
Effects of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide on the Efficiency of Noradrenergic Neurotransmission in the Amygdaloid Body in Acute Stress in Mice
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11055-020-00966-3
2020: In young mice exposed to early childhood stress, drugs that block the FAAH enzyme or block the MAGL enzyme help prevent the later development of depression, probably via stimulation of BDNF
Antidepressant-like effects of URB597 and JZL184 in male and female rats exposed to early life stress
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32891517/
2020: In rat brains, the ECS contributes to long-term depression (not the mental state - but the downregulation of signals, ie. forgetting)
Endocannabinoid receptors contribute significantly to multiple forms of long-term depression in the rat dentate gyrus
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817304/
2020: In an analysis of the prefrontal cortexes of humans with major depressive disorder, there's dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system, especially CB1
Regulation of cannabinoid CB 1 and CB 2 receptors, neuroprotective mTOR and pro-apoptotic JNK1/2 kinases in postmortem prefrontal cortex of subjects with major depressive disorder
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32871695/
2020: In rats with depression, activating the GPR55 receptor helped to reverse symptoms
O-1602, an Agonist of Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors GPR55, Reverses the Symptoms of Depression and Detrusor Overactivity in Rats Subjected to Corticosterone Treatmen
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7360849/
2020: In rats, the fear response is linked to the endocannabinoid system
Differential modulation of the contextual conditioned emotional response by CB1 and TRPV1 receptors in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex: Possible involvement of NMDA/nitric oxide-related mechanisms
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32638638/
2020: In this unique study of humans, they looked at the circulating levels of endocannabinoids in grieving adults
Circulating endocannabinoid concentrations in grieving adults
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7348598/
2020: In mice exposed to social stress, increasing 2-AG helped to normalize activity in the nucleus accumbens brain region that modulates emotions
Endocannabinoid-Mediated Plasticity in Nucleus Accumbens Controls Vulnerability to Anxiety After Social Defeat Stress
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27452462/
2020: In mice, the terpene terpineol seems to cause its antidepressant effects via the CB1, CB2 & D2 dopamine receptor
Antidepressant-Like Effect of Terpineol in an Inflammatory Model of Depression: Involvement of the Cannabinoid System and D2 Dopamine Receptor
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443870/
2020: In rats with depression, CBD helped to enjoy life more (prohedonic) & lowered stress levels
Effects of Chronic Cannabidiol Treatment in the Rat Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model of Depression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7277553/
2020: In rats, blocking TRPV1 & FAAH in a specific brain region causes increased anxiety
Blockade of the endovanilloid receptor, TRPV1, and of the endocannabinoid enzyme, FAAH, within the nucleus accumbens shell elicits anxiolytic-like effects in male rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32422166/
2020: In rats scared of predators, the ability of MAGL inhibitors (which raise 2-AG levels) to lessen anxiety is mediated by the CB2 receptor
Cannabinoid CB2 receptors mediate the anxiolytic-like effects of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition in a rat model of predator-induced fear
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-020-0696-x
2020: In an animal model, the CB1 receptors and the mu-opioid receptors work together to regulate the fear response in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) region of the brain
Mu-opioid and CB1 cannabinoid receptors of the dorsal periaqueductal gray interplay in the regulation of fear response, but not antinociception
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32376258
2020: In this forced-swim test of mice, CBD showed antidepressant effects by its ability to methylate DNA (block its transcription)
CBD modulates DNA methylation in mice prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice exposed to forced swim
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348868
2020: In mice, this fascinating preclinical work determined that the ability of the ECS to end an acute stress response is based on a genetic downregulation of two enzymes that cut up 2-AG (ABHD6 & MAGL)
Termination of acute stress response by the endocannabinoid system is regulated through lysine-specific demethylase 1-mediated transcriptional repression of 2-AG hydrolases ABHD6 and MAGL
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32141088
2020: In humans, it turns out that you can measure someone's level of endocannabinoids by testing their hair and then correlate it to depression, anxiety & burnout
Determination of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in human hair with LC-MS/MS and their relation to symptoms of depression, burnout, and anxiety
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32498885/
2020: In mice, two widely used antidepressant drugs seem to work partially via the CB1 receptor
Influence of the endocannabinoid system on the antidepressant activity of bupropion and moclobemide in the behavioural tests in mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32221841
2020: In mice, this study finds that the raising of anxiety by a Candida infection is because of changes in the ECS
Colonization with the commensal fungus Candida albicans perturbs the gut-brain axis through dysregulation of endocannabinoid signaling
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32739746/
2020: In depressed rats, CBD did not work as well in adolescents as in adults
Decreased sensitivity in adolescent versus adult rats to the antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32086540/
2020: In mice, 2-AG signaling mediate stress response between brain regions
Endocannabinoid Signaling Collapse Mediates Stress-Induced Amygdalo-Cortical Strengthening
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31948734/
2020: In rats, activating CB1 helped with anxiety - but not with conditioned fear
Endocannabinoid modulating drugs improve anxiety but not the expression of conditioned fear in a rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31962287/
2020: In animal model, the CB1 receptor helps to modulate the cardiovascular response to stress
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulates cardiovascular responses to stress via local N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/neuronal nitric oxide synthase/soluble guanylate cyclase/protein kinase G signaling
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31913077/
2020: When inducing panic in rats, CBD lessens the fear effects via CB1 receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus
Cannabidiol-induced panicolytic-like effects and fear-induced antinociception impairment: the role of the CB 1 receptor in the ventromedial hypothalamus
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31919563/
2020: In rats, inhibiting FAAH & MAGL helped with depression
Dual pharmacological inhibitor of endocannabinoid degrading enzymes reduces depressive-like behavior in female rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31654971
2019: In rodents, CBD caused a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect via BDNF & increased synaptogenesis
Cannabidiol Induces Rapid and Sustained Antidepressant-Like Effects Through Increased BDNF Signaling and Synaptogenesis in the Prefrontal Cortex
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29869197
2019: In mice, they look at how the activation and inhibition of CB1 & CB2 can help antidepressants work better
Influence of the CB 1 and CB 2 cannabinoid receptor ligands on the activity of atypical antidepressant drugs in the behavioural tests in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31785246/
2019: In mice, the activation of the CB2 receptor may increase the efficacy of antidepressants
Ligands of the CB2 cannabinoid receptors augment activity of the conventional antidepressant drugs in the behavioural tests in mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31626848
2019: In two different rat models of depression, CBD increased hedonic enjoyment of sugar & caused more mobility in the forced swim test
Effects of cannabidiol in males and females in two different rat models of depression
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571957/
2019: In rats, the ability of transcranial magnets to reverse depression & proteins in the hippocampus is partially via enhanced ECS signaling
Repetitive high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation reverses depressive-like behaviors and protein expression at hippocampal synapses in chronic unpredictable stress-treated rats by enhancing endocannabinoid signaling
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31229467/
2019: In mice, CBD shows anti-depressant effect
Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous cannabidiol and its antidepressant-like effects in chronic mild stress mouse model
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31173966
2019: In rats with PTSD, CBD reduced anxiety but not freezing
The Divergent Effects of CDPPB and Cannabidiol on Fear Extinction and Anxiety in a Predator Scent Stress Model of PTSD in Rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31133832/
2019: In mice who were isolated and therefore more aggressive, CBD reduced their aggression via CB1 & serotonin
Cannabidiol attenuates aggressive behavior induced by social isolation in mice: Involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31054943/
2019: In humans with depression, the mood boost of exercise may be caused by endocannabinoids
Serum Endocannabinoid and Mood Changes after Exercise in Major Depressive Disorder
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30973483/
2019: In mice, the depressant effects of ketamine may involve the endocannabinoid system
Ketamine-induced antidepressant like effects in mice: A possible involvement of cannabinoid system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30970516
2019: In a rat model of depression, lower levels of endocannabinoids in the cortex & hippocampus
Hemisphere-dependent endocannabinoid system activity in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the Flinders Sensitive Line rodent model of depression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716357
2019: In rats, CBD upregulates serotonin sensitivity similar to an SSRI
Cannabidiol modulates serotonergic transmission and reverses both allodynia and anxiety-like behavior in a model of neuropathic pain
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30157131
2019: This genome-wide association study in humans, found one variant associated with depression but not the other
The association of endocannabinoid receptor genes (CNR1 and CNR2) polymorphisms with depression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6867758/
2019: In mice, how stress alters ECS levels
Chronic Psychosocial Stress Causes Increased Anxiety-Like Behavior and Alters Endocannabinoid Levels in the Brain of C57Bl/6J Mice
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2019.0041
2019: In rats, how antidepressant drugs change the expression of ECS enzymes in brain regions
Brain region-dependent changes in the expression of endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes in rats following antidepressant drugs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31889042/
2018: In stressed mice, CBD lowers anxiety via neurogenesis & dendritic remodeling
The anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol in chronically stressed mice are mediated by the endocannabinoid system: Role of neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29510186/
2018: In two rat models of depression, CBDA (HU580) reduced depression symptoms
Acute oral cannabidiolic acid methyl ester reduces depression-like behavior in two genetic animal models of depression
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29860002/
2018: In mice, the antidepressant effects of CBD are caused by serotonin
Antidepressant-like effect induced by Cannabidiol is dependent on brain serotonin levels
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29885468/
2018: In rats, boosting ECS tone helps maintain the HPA axis in a basal state & inhibits corticosterone release from the adrenal gland
Pharmacological augmentation of endocannabinoid signaling reduces the neuroendocrine response to stress
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29065362/
2017: In humans, shock therapy enhanced endocannabinoids & helped their depression
Electroconvulsive therapy enhances endocannabinoids in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with major depression: a preliminary prospective study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342110
2017: In rats experiencing foot shock, CBD & CBDA decreased the stress
Effect of prior foot shock stress and Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiolic acid, and cannabidiol on anxiety-like responding in the light-dark emergence test in rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28424834/
2017: In postmortem human brains, the ECS dysregulated oppositely in schizophrenics & depressed people
Schizophrenia and depression, two poles of endocannabinoid system deregulation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29249810/
2017: In mice, 2-AG helps to promote resilience against stress
Endocannabinoid signalling modulates susceptibility to traumatic stress exposure
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28348378
2016: In mice, role of serotonin receptors in CBD’s antidepressant effects
Cannabidiol induces rapid-acting antidepressant-like effects and enhances cortical 5-HT/glutamate neurotransmission: role of 5-HT1A receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26711860
2016: In rats, injections of CBD into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex caused antidepressant effects perhaps via CB1 & serotonin receptors
Antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol injection into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex-Possible involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26801828/
2016: In mice, CBD lowered anxiety & increased neurogenesis
Influence of single and repeated cannabidiol administration on emotional behavior and markers of cell proliferation and neurogenesis in non-stressed mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26187374/
2016: In rats, CBD caused a prohedonic (enjoyment) effect
Prohedonic Effect of Cannabidiol in a Rat Model of Depression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27010632
2015: In rats, injection of CBD into limbic regions of the frontal cortex lessened anxiety in stressful tests via serotonin receptors
Effects of intra-infralimbic prefrontal cortex injections of cannabidiol in the modulation of emotional behaviors in rats: contribution of 5HT₁A receptors and stressful experiences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25701682
2015: In an animal model, microinjection of CBD mediated panic response via CB1
Dissociation between the panicolytic effect of cannabidiol microinjected into the substantia nigra, pars reticulata, and fear-induced antinociception elicited by bicuculline administration in deep layers of the superior colliculus: The role of CB1-cannabinoid receptor in the ventral mesencephalon
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25841876/
2014: In rats, injection of CBD lessens expression of anxiety behaviors via 5HT1A receptors
Effects of intra-prelimbic prefrontal cortex injection of cannabidiol on anxiety-like behavior: Involvement of 5HT1A receptors and previous stressful experience
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24321837
2014: In stressed mice, importance of neurogenesis & autophagy via CB1 receptor activation for stress and neuroprotection
Behavioural effects of cannabidiol in chronically stressed mice is mediated by neurogenesis and autophagy through CB1 receptor activation
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924977X14709721
2014: In stressed mice, the ECS works with the HPA for recovery with a focus on key gender differences
Endocannabinoid signaling in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis recovery following stress: effects of indirect agonists and comparison of male and female mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24316201/
2014: In rats, the anti-depressive effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation mediated by the ECS
Anti-depressive mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rat: the role of the endocannabinoid system
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24479995
2013: In mice, the anxiety-lessening power of CBD depends on neurogenesis in the hippocampus
The anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol on chronically stressed mice depends on hippocampal neurogenesis: involvement of the endocannabinoid system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298518
2013: In rats, the panic responses reduced by CBD involves serotonin-mediated neurotransmission in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter
Involvement of serotonin-mediated neurotransmission in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter on cannabidiol chronic effects in panic-like responses in rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23007604
2013: In mice & tissue culture, COX2 inhibition decreases anxiety via activation of the endocannabinoids
Substrate-selective COX-2 inhibition decreases anxiety via endocannabinoid activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788575/
2013: In mice next to a snake, CBD helped to calm their panic response via serotonin
The role of 5-HT1A receptors in the anti-aversive effects of cannabidiol on panic attack-like behaviors evoked in the presence of the wild snake Epicrates cenchria crassus (Reptilia, Boidae)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23926240/
2013: In a restrained animal, CBD lessened the stress via serotonin
Cannabidiol administration into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alters cardiovascular responses induced by acute restraint stress through 5-HT₁A receptor
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23041353/
2012: In rats, injection of CBD lessens expression of contextual fear conditioning via 5HT1A receptors
Cannabidiol injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis reduces the expression of contextual fear conditioning via 5-HT1A receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148020
2012: In rats exposed to a cat, CBD reduced their anxiety via serotonin
Cannabidiol blocks long-lasting behavioral consequences of predator threat stress: possible involvement of 5HT1A receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22979992
2012: In tissue culture, mechanisms of how CBD protects the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) which can differentiate into myelinating cells to reduce cell death & free radical production
Cannabidiol protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from inflammation-induced apoptosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22739983/
2012: In mice next to a snake, CBD reduced their panic response
Anti-aversive effects of cannabidiol on innate fear-induced behaviors evoked by an ethological model of panic attacks based on a prey vs the wild snake Epicrates cenchria crassus confrontation paradigm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21918503/
2011: In an animal model, CBD decreased the anxiety of being restrained
Effects of intracisternal administration of cannabidiol on the cardiovascular and behavioral responses to acute restraint stress
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21771609/
2011: In an animal model, the role of MAGL in coping with chronic stress
Reversible gating of endocannabinoid plasticity in the amygdala by chronic stress: a potential role for monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition in the prevention of stress-induced behavioral adaptation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21849983
2011: In rats, CBD injected into the brain causes anti-anxiety effects via 5HT1A receptors
The anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are mediated by 5-HT1A receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20945065
2011: In mice, raising AEA or 2-AG levels by inhibiting FAAH or MAGL helped with stress
Inhibition of endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes elicits anxiolytic-like effects in the marble burying assay
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21145341
2010: In mice, possible involvement of serotonin receptors for CBD’s antidepressant effects
Antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol in mice: possible involvement of 5-HT1A receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823358/
2010: In rats, injection of CBD lessens the panic response via 5HT1A receptors
Intra-dorsal periaqueductal gray administration of cannabidiol blocks panic-like response by activating 5-HT1A receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20457188
2009: In a tissue culture, THC & CBD help to inhibit tryptophan degradation & allow for more serotonin synthesis
Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol modulate mitogen-induced tryptophan degradation and neopterin formation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167098
2009: In rats, stress relief occurs by CBD facilitating 5HT1A receptor-mediated neurotransmission
5-HT1A receptors are involved in the cannabidiol-induced attenuation of behavioural and cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697769/
2008: In rats, this important paper confirmed that the anti-anxiety effects of CBD are mediated by 5HT1A serotonin receptor
Involvement of 5HT1A receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446323
2006: In rats, CBD reduced anxiety – confirmed that it didn’t so via benzodiazepine receptors
Anxiolytic-like effect of cannabidiol in the rat Vogel conflict test
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16876926
1997: In rats, CB1 antagonism causes anxiety
Acute administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A induces anxiety-like responses in the rat
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9080435
1994: In an animal model, synthetic cannabinoids derived from CBD help with anxiety in elevated plus-maze test
Anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol derivatives in the elevated plus-maze
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7913072
1990: In rats, CBD caused less stress in the elevated plus-maze test
Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1969666
1984: In rats, interactions between CBD, THC & corticosterone levels
Pharmacological interaction of the effects of delta 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on serum corticosterone levels in rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6087750