​

2021: In female rats exposed to the smell of a predator, they had lower levels of 2-AG & higher levels of AEA in the amygdala (fear center of the brain) versus male rats who showed none of these alterations

Amygdalar endocannabinoids are affected by predator odor stress in a sex-specific manner and modulate acoustic startle reactivity in female rats

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352289521000953

​

2021: In a study of human using cannabis, chemovars (strains) of cannabis high in CBD reduced the plasma concentrations of THC as well as the reports of paranoia & anxiety while still reporting a similar positive mood effect

Effects of cannabidiol in cannabis flower: Implications for harm reduction

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34467598/

​

2021: In rats experiencing fear, this study looks at the interaction of adrenaline, stress hormones & the endocannabinoid system

Interactions of noradrenergic, glucocorticoid and endocannabinoid systems intensify and generalize fear memory traces

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34560200/

​

2021: In mice with depression induced by mild stress, activating the CB1 receptor reduced neuroinflammation & lessened oxidative stress injury

Cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2 reduces unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive behavior of rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34430611/

​

2021: In rats, mothers being fed a high-fat diet altered the CB1 levels in the brains of their sons & led to depressive symptoms in early life

Maternal High-Fat Diet Modulates Cnr1 Gene Expression in Male Rat Offspring

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445045/

​

2021: In a mouse model of depression, CBD was suggested as an antidepressant

The effects of cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and combinations of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the open field test and forced swim test

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1388245721005204

​

2021: In a fruit fly model of depression, an extract made from hemp seeds alleviated depression symptoms & modulated the circadian rhythm

Anti-depressant effects of ethanol extract from Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed in chlorpromazine-induced Drosophila melanogaster depression model

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362287/

​

2021: In rats with depression from traumatic nerve pain, the injury seems to lower the levels of cannabinoids & lead to behavioral depression

Dynamic Change of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Controls the Development of Depression after Neuropathic Pain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34244365/

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2021: In rats with nerve injuries, CBD helped with pain & symptoms of depression via the serotonin receptors & CB1 receptors

Cannabidiol in the prelimbic cortex modulates the comorbid condition between the chronic neuropathic pain and depression-like behaviour in rats: The role of medial prefrontal cortex 5-HT 1A and CB 1 receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34192579/

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2021: In a rodent model of depression, CBD prevented “both behavioral & neuro-immunological changes associated” with depression as well as modulating neuroinflammation

Cannabidiol prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior and alters cytokine and neurotrophic factor levels in the brain

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34218397/

​

2021: In mice, ketamine & CBD combined to increase their antidepressant effects

Co-administration of cannabidiol and ketamine induces antidepressant-like effects devoid of hyperlocomotor side-effects

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34157363/

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2021: In rats, the lateral hypothalamus (brain area involved with the body’s response to emotional stress) modulated their cardiovascular response to stress via the CB1 receptors & GABA

Lateral hypothalamus involvement in control of stress response by bed nucleus of the stria terminalis endocannabinoid neurotransmission in male rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34373508/

​

2021: In frontline healthcare professionals working with COVID-19 patients, 1 month of CBD reduced symptoms of burnout & emotional exhaustion

Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Plus Standard Care vs Standard Care Alone for the Treatment of Emotional Exhaustion and Burnout Among Frontline Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Clinical Trial

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34387679/

​

2021: In a mouse model of chronic unpredictable stress, the analgesic drug dipyrone may exert its effects via the ECS & the TRPV1 receptor (which is activated by anandamide)

The role of endocannabinoid system and TRPV1 receptors in the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of dipyrone in chronic unpredictable mild stress in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34270988/

​

2021: This survey of Canadian cannabis clinics found CBD helped for pain, anxiety & depression in moderate & severe cases but not mild cases

Cannabidiol use and effectiveness: real-world evidence from a Canadian medical cannabis clinic

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34162446/

​

2021: In rats exposed to THC, CBD blocked the anxiety-producing effects & enhanced the anxiety-reliving effects

Female but not male rats show biphasic effects of low doses of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on anxiety: can cannabidiol interfere with these effects?

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34181978/

​

2021: In rats, the ability of 2-AG to reduce fear & stress behaviors is mediated by CB1 & CB2

Anti-aversive effect of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of male rats in contextual fear conditioning and Vogel tests

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34074811/

​

2021: This study from Brazil suggests using CBD to prevent burnout for health care workers on the frontline of the COVID pandemic

Cannabidiol as a Treatment for Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33843818/

​

2021: In mice, an analysis of CBD's effect on brain activity confirms that "CBD reduces autonomic arousal under conditions of emotional and physical stress"

Cannabidiol Has a Unique Effect on Global Brain Activity: A Pharmacological, Functional MRI Study in Awake Mice

https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr288117

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2021: In a rat model of depression, CBD modulated neuroinflammation & produced antidepressant-like effects

Cannabidiol antidepressant-like effect in the lipopolysaccharide model in mice: modulation of inflammatory pathways

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295221000290

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2021: In mice, CBD caused antidepressant effects via the serotonin & noradrenaline in the hippocampus

Chronic administration of synthetic cannabidiol induces antidepressant effects involving modulation of serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the hippocampus

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33388355/

​

2021: In diabetic animals, CBD caused antidepressant & anxiolytic effects

Cannabidiol induces antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects in experimental type-1 diabetic animals by multiple sites of action

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33464458/

​

2020: For people stressed out about COVID, this paper suggests CBD

Could Cannabidiol Be a Treatment for Coronavirus Disease-19-Related Anxiety Disorders?

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/can.2020.0102

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2021: In humans with depression, the improvements caused by transcranial magnetic stimulation (a gentle electric charge on the skull) seem to be at last partially mediated by 2-AG

Peripheral endocannabinoid serum level in association with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment in patients with major depressive disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33893327/

​

2021: In rats, the ability of cannabinoids to lower anxiety may be via the nitric oxide system

Interactions between the nitrergic and the endocannabinoid system in rats exposed to the elevated T maze

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33818338/

​

2021: In mice with no CB1 receptors, social stress caused increased mortality, dysregulation of the hormones & altered brain immune cell responses

Cannabinoid receptor 1 signalling modulates stress susceptibility and microglial responses to chronic social defeat stress

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33723234/

​

2021: A nicely designed clinical study of anandamide (AEA) levels & your ability to stop reacting to a negative stimulus

Fear extinction learning and anandamide: an fMRI study in healthy humans

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33723207/

 

2021: In humans who have experienced trauma, their levels of circulating endocannabinoids is impacted & may function as a clinical target for treating their depression

Circulating endocannabinoids and prospective risk for depression in trauma-injury survivors

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352289521000126

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2021: In a rat model of anxiety from colitis, the increase in the FAAH enzyme led to lower levels of AEA & more anxiety

Comorbid anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of colitis is mediated by an upregulation of corticolimbic fatty acid amide hydrolase

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33452437/

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2021: In humans experiencing acute stress, the levels of 2-AG in their saliva increased

Endocannabinoid reactivity to acute stress: Investigation of the relationship between salivary and plasma levels

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33460783/

​

2021: A great deep-dive research in mice about how the stress response is regulated by FAAH (the enzyme that breaks down anandamide) & MAGL (the enzyme that breaks down 2-AG)

Selective inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase is associated with passive coping behavior and attenuation of stress-induced dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352289521000011

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2021: In rats, inhibition of the FAAH enzyme & exposure to early life stress may increase depression

Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) during adolescence and exposure to early life stress may exacerbate depression-like behaviors in male and female rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33359656/

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2021: In the amygdala of monkeys, there's a high density of CB1 receptor & hence the suggestion that targeting the endocannabinoid system will be a useful treatment for fear & anxiety in humans

Expression of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) in CCK-immunoreactive axon terminals in the basolateral amygdala of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33352287/

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2020: In humans with panic disorder, a look at their endocannabinoids levels

Blood endocannabinoid levels in patients with panic disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33091759/

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2020: In rats experiencing chronic unpredictable stress, a FAAH inhibitor had a marked gender difference in its effects on behavior & catecholamines (the neurotransmitter family including dopamine & adrenaline)

Inhibition of the fatty acid amide hydrolase changes behaviors and brain catecholamines in a sex-specific manner in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32966816/

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2020: In rats, when morphine helps alleviate the negative side effects of stress, it does so partially via the ECS

Morphine improved stress-induced amnesia and anxiety through interacting with the ventral hippocampal endocannabinoid system in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32937186/

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2020: A grad student thesis found that "CBD increases serotonin receptor activity in crayfish as seen with SSRIs, thus could be of use in treating anxiety"

From the Dinner Pot to Smoking Pot; How a Better Understanding of Cannabidiol in Crayfish could Alleviate Anxiety and Modulate Hunger

https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/985/

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2020: In mice experiencing stress, anandamide regulates the release of noradrenaline into the amygdala

Effects of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide on the Efficiency of Noradrenergic Neurotransmission in the Amygdaloid Body in Acute Stress in Mice

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11055-020-00966-3

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2020: In young mice exposed to early childhood stress, drugs that block the FAAH enzyme or block the MAGL enzyme help prevent the later development of depression, probably via stimulation of BDNF

Antidepressant-like effects of URB597 and JZL184 in male and female rats exposed to early life stress

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32891517/

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2020: In rat brains, the ECS contributes to long-term depression (not the mental state - but the downregulation of signals, ie. forgetting)

Endocannabinoid receptors contribute significantly to multiple forms of long-term depression in the rat dentate gyrus

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817304/

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2020: In an analysis of the prefrontal cortexes of humans with major depressive disorder, there's dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system, especially CB1

Regulation of cannabinoid CB 1 and CB 2 receptors, neuroprotective mTOR and pro-apoptotic JNK1/2 kinases in postmortem prefrontal cortex of subjects with major depressive disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32871695/

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2020: In rats with depression, activating the GPR55 receptor helped to reverse symptoms

O-1602, an Agonist of Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors GPR55, Reverses the Symptoms of Depression and Detrusor Overactivity in Rats Subjected to Corticosterone Treatmen

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7360849/

​

2020: In rats, the fear response is linked to the endocannabinoid system

Differential modulation of the contextual conditioned emotional response by CB1 and TRPV1 receptors in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex: Possible involvement of NMDA/nitric oxide-related mechanisms

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32638638/

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2020: In this unique study of humans, they looked at the circulating levels of endocannabinoids in grieving adults

Circulating endocannabinoid concentrations in grieving adults

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7348598/

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2020: In a human observation study, the efficacy of cannabis as an antidepressant

The Effectiveness of Cannabis Flower for Immediate Relief from Symptoms of Depression

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7309674/

​

2020: In mice exposed to social stress, increasing 2-AG helped to normalize activity in the nucleus accumbens brain region that modulates emotions

Endocannabinoid-Mediated Plasticity in Nucleus Accumbens Controls Vulnerability to Anxiety After Social Defeat Stress

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27452462/

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2020: In mice, the terpene terpineol seems to cause its antidepressant effects via the CB1, CB2 & D2 dopamine receptor

Antidepressant-Like Effect of Terpineol in an Inflammatory Model of Depression: Involvement of the Cannabinoid System and D2 Dopamine Receptor

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443870/

​

2020: In rats with depression, CBD helped to enjoy life more (prohedonic) & lowered stress levels

Effects of Chronic Cannabidiol Treatment in the Rat Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model of Depression

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7277553/

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2020: In rats, blocking TRPV1 & FAAH in a specific brain region causes increased anxiety

Blockade of the endovanilloid receptor, TRPV1, and of the endocannabinoid enzyme, FAAH, within the nucleus accumbens shell elicits anxiolytic-like effects in male rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32422166/

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2020: In rats scared of predators, the ability of MAGL inhibitors (which raise 2-AG levels) to lessen anxiety is mediated by the CB2 receptor

Cannabinoid CB2 receptors mediate the anxiolytic-like effects of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition in a rat model of predator-induced fear

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-020-0696-x

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2020: In an animal model, the CB1 receptors and the mu-opioid receptors work together to regulate the fear response in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) region of the brain

Mu-opioid and CB1 cannabinoid receptors of the dorsal periaqueductal gray interplay in the regulation of fear response, but not antinociception

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32376258

​

2020: In this forced-swim test of mice, CBD showed antidepressant effects by its ability to methylate DNA (block its transcription)

CBD modulates DNA methylation in mice prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice exposed to forced swim

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348868

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2020: In mice, this fascinating preclinical work determined that the ability of the ECS to end an acute stress response is based on a genetic downregulation of two enzymes that cut up 2-AG (ABHD6 & MAGL)

Termination of acute stress response by the endocannabinoid system is regulated through lysine-specific demethylase 1-mediated transcriptional repression of 2-AG hydrolases ABHD6 and MAGL

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32141088

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2020: In humans, it turns out that you can measure someone's level of endocannabinoids by testing their hair and then correlate it to depression, anxiety & burnout

Determination of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in human hair with LC-MS/MS and their relation to symptoms of depression, burnout, and anxiety

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32498885/

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2020: In mice, two widely used antidepressant drugs seem to work partially via the CB1 receptor

Influence of the endocannabinoid system on the antidepressant activity of bupropion and moclobemide in the behavioural tests in mice

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32221841

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2020: In a survey of older patients, cannabis found helpful for anxiety

CANNABIS USE FOR ANXIETY AMONG OLDER ADULTS

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1064748120301238

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2020: In mice, this study finds that the raising of anxiety by a Candida infection is because of changes in the ECS

Colonization with the commensal fungus Candida albicans perturbs the gut-brain axis through dysregulation of endocannabinoid signaling

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32739746/

 

2020: In depressed rats, CBD did not work as well in adolescents as in adults

Decreased sensitivity in adolescent versus adult rats to the antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32086540/

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2020: In a human case study, CBD found helpful for a teen with depression & drug abuse - after taking high levels of CBD, they quit their depression medication & stopped abusing illegal drugs

Cannabidiol treatment in an adolescent with multiple substance abuse, social anxiety and depression

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32052321

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2020: In human teens who use cannabis experience higher rates of depression than those who don't use it - but a higher frequency of use was associated with lower rates of depression

Relationship between cannabis use frequency and major depressive disorder in adolescents: Findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2012–2017

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31958677

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2020: In mice, 2-AG signaling mediate stress response between brain regions

Endocannabinoid Signaling Collapse Mediates Stress-Induced Amygdalo-Cortical Strengthening

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31948734/

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2020: In rats, activating CB1 helped with anxiety - but not with conditioned fear

Endocannabinoid modulating drugs improve anxiety but not the expression of conditioned fear in a rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31962287/

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2020: In animal model, the CB1 receptor helps to modulate the cardiovascular response to stress

Cannabinoid receptor type 1 in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulates cardiovascular responses to stress via local N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/neuronal nitric oxide synthase/soluble guanylate cyclase/protein kinase G signaling

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31913077/

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2020: When inducing panic in rats, CBD lessens the fear effects via CB1 receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus

Cannabidiol-induced panicolytic-like effects and fear-induced antinociception impairment: the role of the CB 1 receptor in the ventromedial hypothalamus

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31919563/

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2020: In a double-blind study of humans with Parkinson’s, 300 mg of CBD decreased anxiety and tremors during a simulation of public speaking

Effects of acute cannabidiol administration on anxiety and tremors induced by a Simulated Public Speaking Test in patients with Parkinson's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31909680

​

2020: In rats, inhibiting FAAH & MAGL helped with depression

Dual pharmacological inhibitor of endocannabinoid degrading enzymes reduces depressive-like behavior in female rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31654971

​

2019: In rodents, CBD caused a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect via BDNF & increased synaptogenesis

Cannabidiol Induces Rapid and Sustained Antidepressant-Like Effects Through Increased BDNF Signaling and Synaptogenesis in the Prefrontal Cortex

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29869197

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2019: In mice, they look at how the activation and inhibition of CB1 & CB2 can help antidepressants work better

Influence of the CB 1 and CB 2 cannabinoid receptor ligands on the activity of atypical antidepressant drugs in the behavioural tests in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31785246/

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2019: In mice, the activation of the CB2 receptor may increase the efficacy of antidepressants

Ligands of the CB2 cannabinoid receptors augment activity of the conventional antidepressant drugs in the behavioural tests in mice

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31626848

​

2019: In two different rat models of depression, CBD increased hedonic enjoyment of sugar & caused more mobility in the forced swim test

Effects of cannabidiol in males and females in two different rat models of depression

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571957/

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2019: In humans using benzodiazapenes, almost half of them could stop using them after starting medical cannabis (146 patients in retrospective analysis)

Reduction of Benzodiazepine Use in Patients Prescribed Medical Cannabis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6757237/

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2019: In humans, "there was no significant association between marijuana use and experiencing [a major depressive episode], and no association between marijuana use and suicidal ideation"

Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14616175/

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2019: In rats, the ability of transcranial magnets to reverse depression & proteins in the hippocampus is partially via enhanced ECS signaling

Repetitive high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation reverses depressive-like behaviors and protein expression at hippocampal synapses in chronic unpredictable stress-treated rats by enhancing endocannabinoid signaling

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31229467/

​

2019: In mice, CBD shows anti-depressant effect

Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous cannabidiol and its antidepressant-like effects in chronic mild stress mouse model

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31173966

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2019: In rats with PTSD, CBD reduced anxiety but not freezing

The Divergent Effects of CDPPB and Cannabidiol on Fear Extinction and Anxiety in a Predator Scent Stress Model of PTSD in Rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31133832/

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2019: In mice who were isolated and therefore more aggressive, CBD reduced their aggression via CB1 & serotonin

Cannabidiol attenuates aggressive behavior induced by social isolation in mice: Involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31054943/

​

2019: In humans with depression, the mood boost of exercise may be caused by endocannabinoids

Serum Endocannabinoid and Mood Changes after Exercise in Major Depressive Disorder

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30973483/

​

2019: In mice, the depressant effects of ketamine may involve the endocannabinoid system

Ketamine-induced antidepressant like effects in mice: A possible involvement of cannabinoid system

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30970516

​

2019: In a rat model of depression, lower levels of endocannabinoids in the cortex & hippocampus

Hemisphere-dependent endocannabinoid system activity in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the Flinders Sensitive Line rodent model of depression

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716357

​

2019: Shannon’s case series on anxiety & sleep in humans using CBD-rich hemp extracts

Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30624194

​

2019: In a double-blind study of human teens with anxiety, 300 mg of CBD helped significantly

Anxiolytic Effects of Repeated Cannabidiol Treatment in Teenagers With Social Anxiety Disorders

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31787910

​

2019: In a human study, U shaped curve found for CBD’s help for public speaking anxiety

Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30328956

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2019: In rats, CBD upregulates serotonin sensitivity similar to an SSRI

Cannabidiol modulates serotonergic transmission and reverses both allodynia and anxiety-like behavior in a model of neuropathic pain

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30157131

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2019: This genome-wide association study in humans, found one variant associated with depression but not the other

The association of endocannabinoid receptor genes (CNR1 and CNR2) polymorphisms with depression

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6867758/

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2019: In mice, how stress alters ECS levels

Chronic Psychosocial Stress Causes Increased Anxiety-Like Behavior and Alters Endocannabinoid Levels in the Brain of C57Bl/6J Mice

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2019.0041

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2019: In rats, how antidepressant drugs change the expression of ECS enzymes in brain regions

Brain region-dependent changes in the expression of endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes in rats following antidepressant drugs

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31889042/

​

2018: In stressed mice, CBD lowers anxiety via neurogenesis & dendritic remodeling

The anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol in chronically stressed mice are mediated by the endocannabinoid system: Role of neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29510186/

​

2018: In two rat models of depression, CBDA (HU580) reduced depression symptoms

Acute oral cannabidiolic acid methyl ester reduces depression-like behavior in two genetic animal models of depression

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29860002/

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2018: In mice, the antidepressant effects of CBD are caused by serotonin

Antidepressant-like effect induced by Cannabidiol is dependent on brain serotonin levels

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29885468/

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2018: In rats, boosting ECS tone helps maintain the HPA axis in a basal state & inhibits corticosterone release from the adrenal gland

Pharmacological augmentation of endocannabinoid signaling reduces the neuroendocrine response to stress

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29065362/

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2017: In humans, shock therapy enhanced endocannabinoids & helped their depression

Electroconvulsive therapy enhances endocannabinoids in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with major depression: a preliminary prospective study

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342110

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2017: In rats experiencing foot shock, CBD & CBDA decreased the stress

Effect of prior foot shock stress and Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiolic acid, and cannabidiol on anxiety-like responding in the light-dark emergence test in rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28424834/

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2017: In postmortem human brains, the ECS dysregulated oppositely in schizophrenics & depressed people

Schizophrenia and depression, two poles of endocannabinoid system deregulation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29249810/

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2017: In mice, 2-AG helps to promote resilience against stress

Endocannabinoid signalling modulates susceptibility to traumatic stress exposure

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28348378

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2016: In mice, role of serotonin receptors in CBD’s antidepressant effects

Cannabidiol induces rapid-acting antidepressant-like effects and enhances cortical 5-HT/glutamate neurotransmission: role of 5-HT1A receptors

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26711860

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2016: In rats, injections of CBD into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex caused antidepressant effects perhaps via CB1 & serotonin receptors

Antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol injection into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex-Possible involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26801828/

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2016: In mice, CBD lowered anxiety & increased neurogenesis

Influence of single and repeated cannabidiol administration on emotional behavior and markers of cell proliferation and neurogenesis in non-stressed mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26187374/

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2016: In rats, CBD caused a prohedonic (enjoyment) effect

Prohedonic Effect of Cannabidiol in a Rat Model of Depression

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27010632

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2015: In rats, injection of CBD into limbic regions of the frontal cortex lessened anxiety in stressful tests via serotonin receptors

Effects of intra-infralimbic prefrontal cortex injections of cannabidiol in the modulation of emotional behaviors in rats: contribution of 5HT₁A receptors and stressful experiences

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25701682

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2015: In an animal model, microinjection of CBD mediated panic response via CB1

Dissociation between the panicolytic effect of cannabidiol microinjected into the substantia nigra, pars reticulata, and fear-induced antinociception elicited by bicuculline administration in deep layers of the superior colliculus: The role of CB1-cannabinoid receptor in the ventral mesencephalon

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25841876/

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