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​2022: A survey of musculoskeletal patients with pain found that cannabis helped to reduce their pain & that “89% of the participants considered medical cannabis to be more effective than narcotics for adequate pain management”
Patient Experience and Perspective on Medical Cannabis as an Alternative for Musculoskeletal Pain Management
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35796526

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2022: In bone stem cells, activating the CB1 receptor reduced inflammation, enhanced calcium deposition & increased the bone growth phenotype (suggesting CBD as a novel therapeutic option for bone regeneration)

Influence of Medical Marijuana on Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Osteogenesis: An in Vitro Study

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2473011421S00447

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2022: This hydrogel loaded with CBD helps bones to repair

Development and Characterization of Cannabidiol-loaded Alginate Copper Hydrogel for Repairing Open Bone Defects in vitro

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927776522000224

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2022: In a tissue model of periodontitis, activating the CB1 receptor improved bone growth & increased energy metabolism

The cannabinoid receptor I (CB1) enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by rescue impaired mitochondrial metabolism function under inflammatory condition

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35063024/

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2022: In mice, CBD helps to promote new bone growth via the lowering of inflammation & the activation of bone stem cells

Cannabidiol Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Inflammatory Microenvironment via the CB2-dependent p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35220282/

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2021: In guinea pigs with osteoarthritis, this study of tissue pharmacokinetics found that orally administered CBD did end up in the cartilage tissue at clinically relevant doses

Plasma and joint tissue pharmacokinetics of two doses of oral cannabidiol oil in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34658021/

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2021: In a rat model of sarcopenia (an age-related disease that causes an accelerated loss of muscle mass & function), they saw altered levels of the endocannabinoids & suggest targeting the endocannabinoid system

Alterations of the endocannabinoid system and circulating and peripheral tissue levels of endocannabinoids in sarcopenic rats

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34854262/

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2021: In skeletal muscle cells, the CB1 receptors help to control the signaling of the nuclear receptors that modulate genetic transcription

The Impact of CB1 Receptor on Nuclear Receptors in Skeletal Muscle Cells

https://www.mdpi.com/1873-149X/28/4/29

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2021: In rats with bone damage from a loss of blood supply caused by stress hormones, activating the CB2 receptor strengthened new bone production & helped to maintain the blood supply

Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 alleviates glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head with osteogenesis and maintenance of blood supply

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34718335/

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2021: In muscle spasms caused by a cell's voltage-gated sodium channels, CBD lowers their overexcitation by both blocking the channel & also changing the elasticity of the cell's membrane

Cannabidiol inhibits the skeletal muscle Nav1.4 by blocking its pore and by altering membrane elasticity

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33836525/

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2021: A survey of orthopedic doctors focused on trauma about their thoughts on cannabis & CBD for postoperative pain

Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872227/

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2021: In humans with nerve pain from rheumatic diseases, PEA combined well with acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) to lower inflammation & to increase clinical scores

Efficacy of a fixed combination of Palmitoylethanolamide and acetyl-l-carnitine (PEA + ALC FC) in the treatment of Neuropathies secondary to Rheumatic Diseases

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34056884/

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2021: This study suggests that activating the CB2 receptor helps to preserve joint cartilage during osteoarthritis

HU308-mediated cannabinoid signaling mitigates age and trauma-related osteoarthritis

https://www.oarsijournal.com/article/S1063-4584(21)00594-X/fulltext

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2021: In bone tissue, CB1 may be a promising target for inflammation of skeletal muscle tissue

The Impact of CB1 Receptor on Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle Cells

https://www.dovepress.com/the-impact-of-cb1-receptor-on-inflammation-in-skeletal-muscle-cells-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR

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2021: In rats with spinal cord injuries, activating the CB2 receptor helped mitigate their osteoporosis

Delayed Systemic Treatment with Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist Mitigates Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Osteoporosis More Than Acute Treatment Directly after Injury

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34223557/

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2021: In mice, CB2 regulates the bone marrow stem cells that form new bone cells & is suggested as a target for treating osteoporosis

Involvement of CB2 signalling pathway in the development of osteoporosis by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hBMSCs

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512770/

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2021: In mice, a connection between kidney cells & the remodeling of bones is regulated by CB1

Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Regulates Bone Remodeling and Mass via a Kidney-to-Bone Axis

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/2/414

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2020: In humans, CBD helps to delay the onset of muscle soreness

The influence cannabidiol on delayed onset of muscle soreness

http://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2020/vol7issue2/PartB/7-2-4-412.pdf

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2020: Cultures of muscle cells grew faster when CBD was added

THE EFFECTS OF CANNABIDIOL AND CANNABINOL ON C2C12 MYOBLAST PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION

https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/handle/11375/25206

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2020: In rats, CBD helped slightly with Achilles tendon repair

Biomechanical Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), the Major Constituents of Cannabis, on Tendon to Tendon Healing in a Sprague Dawley Rat Achilles Tendon Surgical Repair Model

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7401174/

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2020: In mice, the CB2 receptor manipulates skeletal muscle regeneration after an injury

Cannabinoid type 2 receptor manipulates skeletal muscle regeneration partly by regulating macrophage M1/M2 polarization in IR injury in mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32565250/

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2020: In smooth muscle cells, anandamide caused the downregulation of 21 genes related to inflammation, especially CCL2

The endocannabinoid anandamide has an anti-inflammatory effect on CCL2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32323032

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2020: In children with Celiac disease, a variant of CB2 is associated with bone loss. Suggests CB2 as a target to help with bone metabolism

The Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 in the Bone Loss Associated with pediatric Celiac Disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32796429/

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2020: In cells that secrete bone, CBD caused differentiation & increased bone deposition

Cannabidiol induces osteoblast differentiation via angiopoietin1 and p38 MAPK

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32656944/

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2019: In humans with conditions involving clenched muscles, CBD patches helped to relax the muscles

Myorelaxant Effect of Transdermal Cannabidiol Application in Patients with TMD: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31698733/

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2020: Over one-third of patients diagnosed with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) acknowledge having used cannabis for symptom management

Use of complementary therapies for chronic pain management in patients with reported Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or hypermobility spectrum disorders

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32909698/

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2019: In rats with bone problems, this group created CBD microspheres that enhanced healing via recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells

Cannabidiol-loaded microspheres incorporated into osteoconductive scaffold enhance mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and regeneration of critical-sized bone defects

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31029357

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2019: In human bone cells, CBD elevated calcium levels & apoptosis

Dose-Dependent Cannabidiol-Induced Elevation of Intracellular Calcium and Apoptosis in Human Articular Chondrocytes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31378964/

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2019: In humans, cannabis may be helpful in patients with myotonia (neuromuscular disorders) according to case series

A role for cannabinoids in the treatment of myotonia? Report of compassionate use in a small cohort of patients

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31655890

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2017: In rats with severe spinal cord injuries, CBD enhanced bone volume & a number of other positive measures

Cannabidiol administration reduces sublesional cancellous bone loss in rats with severe spinal cord injury

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28479140

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2016: In tissue culture, CBD protected the nucleus pulposus cells (jelly-like substance at the center of a spinal disc) via the suppression of anti‑apoptosis, anti‑inflammation and anti‑oxidative activities

Protective effect of cannabidiol on hydrogen peroxide‑induced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in nucleus pulposus cells

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27430346

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2015: In rats, CBD enhanced fracture healing

Cannabidiol, a Major Non-Psychotropic Cannabis Constituent Enhances Fracture Healing and Stimulates Lysyl Hydroxylase Activity in Osteoblasts

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801536

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2014: In rats with intervertebral disc degeneration, CBD protected from the effects of the disc injury

Protective effects of cannabidiol on lesion-induced intervertebral disc degeneration

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517414

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2014: in tissue culture, anandamide – alone or with TNF-α – appears to be a destructive agent of cartilage

Endogenous cannabinoid anandamide impairs cell growth and induces apoptosis in chondrocytes.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24902823

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2012: In rats with periodontitis (inflammatory bacterial disease of the mouth), AEA reduced inflammatory response & lowered stress

Anti-inflammatory effect of the endocannabinoid anandamide in experimental periodontitis and stress in the rat

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777139

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2009: in mice with periodontitis (inflammatory bacterial disease of the mouth), animals with CBD exhibited less bone loss via inhibition of RANK/RANKL

Cannabidiol decreases bone resorption by inhibiting RANK/RANKL expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines during experimental periodontitis in rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19070683

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