The Eyes
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Best reviews
2022: This review of preclinical evidence suggests than cannabinoids should be investigated for treating ocular pain
Is there a rational basis for cannabinoids research and development in ocular pain therapy? A systematic review of preclinical evidence
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891121/
2021: This review looks at the presence of the ECS in the eyes of primates
The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3160/htm
2021: This review looks at how CBD appears helpful for glaucoma via the WNT/β-Catenin pathway
Cannabidiol and the Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Glaucoma
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3798
2021: This review looks at the benefits of CBD for the eye
Cannabidiol Signaling in the Eye and Its Potential as an Ocular Therapeutic Agent
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33984199/
2021: A review of the long history of cannabinoids & glaucoma
Cannabinoids in Glaucoma Patients: The Never-Ending Story
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33302608/
2021: A big review of the endocannabinoid system in the eye & its mechanisms
CannabinEYEds: The Endocannabinoid System as a Regulator of the Ocular Surface Nociception, Inflammatory Response, Neovascularization and Wound Healing
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33327429/
2020: A review of the cannabinoids & flavonoids as topical treatments for eye problems such as allergies & dry eye
Flavonoid and cannabinoid impact on the ocular surface
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32796166/
2020: A new review looks at 5 studies involving cannabis & the cornea
Cannabis and the Cornea
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32159404
2020: A review of the potential benefits & IOP effects of the various cannabinoid ingestion methods
Cannabinoids in Glaucoma Patients: The Never-Ending Story
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33302608/
2018: An overview of the ECS in the eye, including an excellent chart
Neuroprotection by (endo)Cannabinoids in Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28738764/
Timeline of Research
2022: In healthy humans, THC reduced the intraocular pressure of their eye
The Relationship Between Plasma Tetrahydrocannabinol Levels and Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Adult Subjects
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111768/
2022: In a mouse model of glaucoma, a stabilized nanoemulsion of CBD reduced ocular inflammation & at some dosages, helped decrease intraocular pressure
The dose-dependent effect of a stabilized cannabidiol nanoemulsion on ocular surface inflammation and intraocular pressure
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35245638/
2022: In humans with benign essential blepharospasm (a rare neurological disorder of the eyes), medical cannabis drops greatly reduced the length of eye spasms
Medical cannabis oil for benign essential blepharospasm: a prospective, randomized controlled pilot study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35067772/
2022: In mouse eyes injured by excess glutamate, activating the CB1 & CB2 receptors doubled the number of neural eye cells to survive
Neuroprotection of Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo Using the Activation of the Endogenous Cannabinoid Signaling System in Mammalian Eyes
https://portlandpress.com/neuronalsignal/Accepted-Manuscripts
2022: In a mouse model of dry eye syndrome, the topical application of different cannabinoids reduced inflammation, protected corneal nerves & maintained cornea sensitivity
Topical application of cannabinoid-ligands ameliorates experimental dry-eye disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34922011/
2022: In mice with ocular blast injury, a CB2 receptor inverse agonist protected their eyes from visual deficits via the microglial cells
Raloxifene, a cannabinoid type-2 receptor inverse agonist, mitigates visual deficits and pathology and modulates microglia after ocular blast
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35143834/
2022: In a mouse eye cell model of glaucoma, CBN caused neuroprotection of the optic nerve cells, protected from changes in the extracellular matrix & normalized intraocular pressure
Cannabinol modulates neuroprotection and intraocular pressure: A potential multi-target therapeutic intervention for glaucoma
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34921975/
2021: How to create nano-encapsulated CBD balls for delivery into the eyeball
Cannabidiol-Loaded Mixed Polymeric Micelles of Chitosan/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) And Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) For Trans-Corneal Delivery
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202111.0364/v1
2021: Vervet monkeys possesses an endocannabinoid system in their brain’s inferior pulvinar (a region related to vision & sight)
Presence of the Endocannabinoid System in the Inferior Pulvinar of the Vervet Monkey
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/770/htm
2021: Research in the eyes of monkeys finds that the FAAH enzyme & the endocannabinoids mediate vision from our cone photoreceptors
The Inhibition of the Degrading Enzyme Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Alters the Activity of the Cone System in the Vervet Monkey Retina
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/11/1418
2021: In the retinas of goldfish, the CB1 receptor & a dopamine receptor work together to modulate the day/night difference in rod-cone coupling
Interactions of cone cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D4 receptors increase day/night difference in rod-cone gap junction coupling in goldfish retina
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34252195/
2021: In a chick model of the eye, cannabinoids are involved with the control of stem cells
Cannabinoid signaling promotes the de-differentiation and proliferation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34231253/
2021: In a cellular model of diabetic retinopathy (damage to the blood vessels at the back of the eye), activating the CB2 receptor decreased inflammation
Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist HU-308 Demonstrates Therapeutic Potential in Inflammatory Diabetic Retinopathy Models
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2776401
2021: In a rat model of glaucoma, activating the cannabinoid receptors protected the neurons associated with vision
VSN16S, an agonist of the cannabinoid receptor, reduces IOP profiles and exhibits neuroprotective properties in a rat model of glaucoma
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2775346
2021: In eye cells & in tadpoles, the CB1 receptors help enhance your vision & visual signaling
Endocannabinoid signaling enhances visual responses through modulation of intracellular chloride levels in retinal ganglion cells
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27501334/
2021: In rats, modulation of the endocannabinoid system enzymes protected the retinas & displayed neuroprotection & anti-inflammatory actions
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol and dual ABHD6/MAGL enzyme inhibitors display neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions in the in vivo retinal model of AMPA excitotoxicity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33450278/
2021: In rabbits having eye surgery, PEA reduced postoperative inflammation & scarring via the nuclear PPARα receptors that control genetic transcription
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) reduces postoperative adhesions after experimental strabismus surgery in rabbits by suppressing canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling through PPARα
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295220306341
2020: In mice, activating their CB receptors protected both their retinas & their brains
Effect of acute and subchronic administration of (R)-WIN55,212-2 induced neuroprotection and anti inflammatory actions in rat retina: CB1 and CB2 receptor involvement
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197018620302989
2020: In mice, the ECS is involved with the maturation of the visual system from birth to adolescence
Endocannabinoid Signaling Contributes to Experience-Induced Increase of Synaptic Release Sites From Parvalbumin Interneurons in Mouse Visual Cortex
https://search.proquest.com/openview/06dcef27c8aa35209ce2dbb6bbb7b915/1
2020: In mice with no CB2 receptors, they had greater visual acuity while increasing 2-AG levels also increased visual acuity
Cannabinoids affect the mouse visual acuity via the cannabinoid receptor type 2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7519129/
2020: The ECS enzymes & transporters may be a good target for the regulation of the eye's intraocular pressure
Endocannabinoid metabolism and transport as targets to regulate intraocular pressure
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014483520305248
2020: In mice, this team found the CB1 receptor in the lacrimal gland of the eye. In males, THC decreased tearing, while it had no effect in females. The males had 5x the amount of CB1 in these glands.
THC Regulates Tearing via Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32852544/
2020: The ability of cannabis to slow dopamine transmission in the brain can be studied by changes in the responses in the retina
Oscillatory potentials abnormalities in regular cannabis users: Amacrine cells dysfunction as a marker of central dopaminergic modulation
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278584620303997
2020: In the eyes of monkeys, they found TRPV1 receptors (one of the receptors that CBD binds to most strongly)
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 is expressed in the horizontal pathway of the vervet monkey retina
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-68937-9
2020: In humans, a new double-blind study finds PEA helpful for glaucoma patients
Effect of palmitoylethanolamide on inner retinal function in glaucoma: a randomized, single blind, crossover, clinical trial by pattern-electroretinogram
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67527-z
2020: A positive case study of using CBD oil to treat a rare eye disease
Successful Treatment of Superior Oblique Myokymia With Cannabidiol Oil
2020: In rats, PEA found helpful for eye disorders via the PPARα nuclear receptors that regulate genetic transcription
PPARα-Dependent Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide Against Retinal Neovascularization and Fibrosis
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2764802
2020: A look at using CBD for treating blindness caused by diabetes
Cannabidiol As a Putative Novel Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Postulated Mechanism of Action as an Entry Point for Biomarker-Guided Clinical Development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2955420/
2020: In the eyes of rats, CB1 activation helped to fine-tune visual signaling via modulation of GABA
Cannabinoid Signaling Selectively Modulates GABAergic Inhibitory Input to OFF Bipolar Cells in Rat Retina
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32150246
2020: For ocular pain & inflammation, allosteric activation of the CB1 receptor (an action of CBD) causes significant relief
Allosteric Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) Ligands Reduce Ocular Pain and Inflammation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31968549
2020: In rats, the IOP of the eye seems to be regulated by CB1 using opposing mechanisms for balance – involves CB1, GPR18 and GPR119
Evidence that cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate intraocular pressure via two opposing mechanisms
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014483520304991
2019: On targeting the ECS for eye pain & inflammation
Targetting the endocannabinoid system with orthosteric and allosteric cannabinoid ligands to reduce corneal pain and inflammation
https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/76707
2019: Dr. ElSohly, who runs the federal pot farm at UMiss, will be developing THC eye drops
2019: A hydrophilic prodrug of THC reduces intraocular pressure
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Derivative-Loaded Nanoformulation Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Normotensive Rabbits
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31588378
2019: In rat retinas, cannabinoids induce reduction of CB1 receptors
Endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids induce the downregulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor in retina
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31199905
2019: In mice, repairs of the cornea involve CB2
Cannabinoid CB2R receptors are upregulated with corneal injury and regulate the course of corneal wound healing
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905716
2018: in mice, topical application of THC saw IOP lower via CB1 and GPR18 while CBD blocked the effect
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Differentially Regulate Intraocular Pressure
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30550613
2007: In a mouse model of autoimmune eye disease, CB2 activation lowers inflammation, inhibits autoreactive T cells & stop leukocytes traveling to inflamed tissue
Anti-inflammatory property of the cannabinoid receptor-2-selective agonist JWH-133 in a rodent model of autoimmune uveoretinitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17537989
2006: In humans, oral THC lowered IOP and while 20 mg of CBD had no change, 40 mg of CBD caused a transient increase
Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids on intraocular pressure: a pilot study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988594
1984: An early study of cannabinoids & IOP in rabbits
Cannabinoids in glaucoma II: the effect of different cannabinoids on intraocular pressure of the rabbit
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6329602
1984: THC & CBD both dropped IOP but THC caused much stronger effects while full-spectrum extracts helped to ameliorate some of THC’s effects
Ocular hypotension, ocular toxicity, and neurotoxicity in response to marihuana extract and cannabidiol
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6098513
1982: Early study on IOP & cannabinoids
Intraocular pressure following systemic administration of cannabinoids
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6295702
1978: A comparison of the cannabinoid’s effects on IOP
A comparison of topical cannabinoids on intraocular pressure
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/680037
1971: landmark study by Hepler and Frank first demonstrated inhaled cannabis lowered IOP
Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5109652/