
Nausea & Gut Disorders
Best reviews
2022: A review of studies on cannabis for palliative end-of-life care found positive treatment effects for “pain, nausea and vomiting, appetite, sleep, fatigue, chemosensory perception and paraneoplastic night sweats in patients with cancer, appetite and agitation in patients with dementia and appetite, nausea and vomiting in patients with AIDS”
Cannabis in palliative care: a systematic review of current evidence
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35705116
2022: Targeting the ECS for the pain of irritable bowel syndrome
Targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36168049
2022: A review of the vanilloid TRPV1 receptor & how the cannabinoids interact with this ion channel for lowering pain & nausea
TRPV1: A Common Denominator Mediating Antinociceptive and Antiemetic Effects of Cannabinoids
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36077412
2022: This review looks at using cannabinoids for treating the cachexia (wasting syndrome) caused by cancer
Cannabinoid interventions for improving cachexia outcomes in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34881518/
2022: This review looks at the use of cannabinoids to help with the effects of chemotherapy: nausea, pain & brain fog
Cannabinoid drugs against chemotherapy-induced adverse effects: focus on nausea/vomiting, peripheral neuropathy and chemofog in animal models
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35045012/
2022: This review looks at the link between the gut microbiome & the endocannabinoidome, especially in companion animals
Mutual Links between the Endocannabinoidome and the Gut Microbiome, with Special Reference to Companion Animals: A Nutritional Viewpoint
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/3/348
2022: On targeting the ECS for obesity & metabolic disorders
The Endocannabinoid System, an Underexploited and Promising Niche for the Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/421/htm
2022: This review looks at targeting the enzymes of the ECS for treating obesity
Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH), Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL), and Diacylglycerol Lipase (DAGL) Enzymes as Targets for Obesity Treatment: A Narrative Review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34959715/
2022: A review of the effects of THC on obesity at different stages of life
Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) on Obesity at Different Stages of Life: A Literature Review
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/6/3174/html
2021: This review looks the efficacy of cannabis-based medicines against cachexia (a wasting disease of muscle & fat loss)
The Effect of Cannabis-Based Medicine in the Treatment of Cachexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34664988/
2021: This review looks at the possibility of the endocannabinoid system being the cause & the solution to food addiction
Obesity as a Condition Determined by Food Addiction: Should Brain Endocannabinoid System Alterations Be the Cause and Its Modulation the Solution?
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/10/1002
2021: This review looks at the endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus & how they relate to obesity
Hypothalamic endocannabinoids in obesity: an old story with new challenges
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34718828/
2021: This review looks at how the endocannabinoids regulate your metabolism, stress response & development
Lipid endocannabinoids in energy metabolism, stress and developmental programming
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34843899/
2021: Dr. Piomelli on using cannabinoids for the treatment of the adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy
Cannabinoids and Cancer Chemotherapy-Associated Adverse Effects
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34850893/
2021: This review looks at the power of CBD, CBDA & the more stable methyl ester version of CBDA for nausea & vomiting
Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol, Cannabidiolic Acid, and Cannabidiolic Acid Methyl Ester as Treatments for Nausea and Vomiting
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115951/
2020: A review of oral cannabinoids for the nausea of chemotherapy
Oral cannabinoid for the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting-a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31916006/
2020: An article laying out an argument for why the helpful actions of cannabinoids for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) might be mediated by cholinergic system (the acetylcholine neurotransmitter)
Cannabinoid agonists possibly mediate interaction between cholinergic and cannabinoid systems in regulating intestinal inflammation
https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.neu.edu/science/article/pii/S030698771931429X
2020: A review of cannabis & cannabinoids for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that included 15 studies found that while they did not improve clinical markers of inflammation, they significantly improved patient-reported symptoms and quality of life
A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Cannabis and Cannabinoids for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Can We Learn From Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32675631/
2020: A review found that across all trials they looked at for the nausea & vomiting of chemotherapy, cannabis worked better than conventional antiemetics
Pharmacotherapeutic Considerations for Use of Cannabinoids to Relieve Symptoms of Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Chemotherapy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33415919
2020: A look at cannabis for IBD
Cannabis for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A True Medicine or a False Promise?
https://www.rmmj.org.il/issues/44/1027/manuscript
2020: A review concluded that "clinical trials with Cannabis in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have shown improvement in quality of life but failed to provide evidence for a reduction of inflammation markers"
Cannabinoids and Opioids in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31899693/
2019: Review of using CB1 inverse agonists (like Rimonabant) for GI issues
Gastrointestinal Adverse Events of Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Inverse Agonists suggest their Potential Use in Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31826058
2019: A review of targeting the ECS for IBS
Endocannabinoid system in irritable bowel syndrome and cannabis as a therapy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31987224/
2019: Cannabinoids for nausea
Cannabinoids: the lows and the highs of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30720344/
2017: A big review on using cannabinoids for treatment of IBD
Cannabinoids for treating inflammatory bowel diseases: where are we and where do we go?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28276820
2017: A review of the ECS & colitis
Manipulation of the Endocannabinoid System in Colitis: A Comprehensive Review
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28079617
2016: The cannabinoids for different types of nausea
Cannabinoid Regulation of Acute and Anticipatory Nausea
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28861486/
2014: A review of cannabis for Crohn’s
Cannabis finds its way into treatment of Crohn's disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24356243
Timeline of Research
2022: Using data from the Releaf app, cannabis found to be quickly effective for nausea – with sativas & higher THC levels performing better
The Effectiveness of Common Cannabis Products for Treatment of Nausea
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35258504/
2022: In rats with nausea from THC, CBD lessened the effects via a serotonin receptor
Cannabidiol Interferes with Establishment of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Nausea Through a 5-HT 1A Mechanism
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998876/
2022: In an animal model of colitis, CBD reduced pain responses
NON-PSYCHOTROPIC PHYTOCANNABINOIDS ATTENUATE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS)-INDUCED COLITIS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8859311/
2022: In a rat model of nausea from chemotherapy, they experienced benefit from THC,CBD & CBD Acid
Evaluation of Sex Differences in the Potential of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol, Cannabidiolic Acid, and Oleoyl Alanine to Reduce Nausea-Induced Conditioned Gaping Reactions in Sprague-Dawley Rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35984924
2022: In a mouse model of Parkinson’s, CBD significantly improved motor deficits & protected the midbrain via the gut-brain axis
Effects of Cannabidiol on Parkinson's Disease in a Transgenic Mouse Model by Gut-Brain Metabolic Analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35360659/
2022: In a survey of medical cannabis patients in Oklahoma, they found cannabis to provide ‘extreme relief’ from anxiety, sleep problems, nausea & depression
Characteristics of adults with a medical cannabis license, reasons for use, and perceptions of benefit following medical cannabis legalization in Oklahoma
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335522000845
2022: In a computer analysis for diabetic effects, CBD, THC & full-spectrum extracts were found to inhibit α-glucosidase (an enzyme that breaks down glucose)
α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol and standardized cannabinoid extracts from Cannabis sativa
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35856057
2022: In a rat model of diabetes, treatment with Vitamin D seems to help partially via the CB1 receptors of the colon
Vitamin D mitigates diabetes-associated metabolic and cognitive dysfunction by modulating gut microbiota and colonic cannabinoid receptor 1
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34942358/
2022: According to a large survey, women (but not men) who heavily smoke cannabis were less likely to get diabetes mellitus
Cannabis Use and Diabetes Mellitus among U.S. Adults: The National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, 2013–2018
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2021.0134
2022: In heart cells stressed by high levels of glucose (a model of diabetes), CBD protected them from arrythmia & cytotoxicity via inhibition of the sodium channels
Cannabidiol protects against high glucose-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32077098/
2022: In a mouse model of obesity, treatment with CBD & omega 3 (fish oil) improved the gut microbiome as well as reducing anxiety & memory impairment
High Fat Diet Alteration of Gut Microbiota Impacts Learning, Memory and Anxiety Response in Mice: Cannabidiol and Omega 3 Possible Remedies
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=115157
2022: In a rat model of obesity, CBD treatment protected their hearts via several measures
Cannabidiol Downregulates Myocardial de Novo Ceramide Synthesis Pathway in a Rat Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35216351/
2022: In a mouse model of obesity, PEA restored the plasticity of their white & brown fat cells, leptin sensitivity, tissue hormone sensitivity & rewired the energy storing white into energy-consuming brown fat cells
Palmitoylethanolamide Promotes White-to-Beige Conversion and Metabolic Reprogramming of Adipocytes: Contribution of PPAR-α
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/2/338
2022: In mice, a combination of diet & exercise improved their ECS & their metabolic function
Effect of diet and physical exercise on endocannabinoid system and energy homeostasis in obese mice
https://e-century.us/files/ijcem/14/3/ijcem0118169.pdf
2022: In mice, CB1 receptors may form heteromer complexes with a ghrelin receptor, stressing the importance of the ECS & the regulation of metabolism
Ghrelin and Cannabinoid Functional Interactions Mediated by Ghrelin/CB 1 Receptor Heteromers That Are Upregulated in the Striatum From Offspring of Mice Under a High-Fat Diet
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34955755/
2021: In a related clinical study, people with the highest risk of obesity had lower levels of CB1 receptors
Obesity risk is associated with altered cerebral glucose metabolism and decreased μ-opioid and CB 1 receptor availability
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34728775/
2021: In mice with acute respiratory distress syndrome (a symptom of COVID-19), anandamide treatment suppressed inflammation in the lungs as well as the lymph nodes of the guts via beneficial changes to the microbiome & the gut-lung axis
Endocannabinoid Anandamide Attenuates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through Modulation of Microbiome in the Gut-Lung Axis
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/12/3305/htm
2021: In mice with neuropathic pain from diabetes, their cannabinoid & opioid receptors interact & may be targeted by hemopressin for pain control
Interactions between cannabinoid and opioid receptors in a mouse model of diabetic neuropathy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34724682/
2021: crazy tech advance: using light to control the activation of endocannabinoids in cells
Genetically-targeted photorelease of endocannabinoids enables optical control of GPR55 in pancreatic β-cells
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34777770/
2021: In a mouse model of diabetes, abnormal cannabidiol (a synthetic isomer) reduces inflammation, preserves islets of the pancreas & delays the progress of insulitis
Abnormal cannabidiol ameliorates inflammation preserving pancreatic beta cells in mouse models of experimental type 1 diabetes and beta cell damage
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34872800/
2021: In obese mice, alterations to their orexin system & to their 2-AG/CB1 signaling led to problems with episodic memory
Orexin-A and endocannabinoids are involved in obesity-associated alteration of hippocampal neurogenesis, plasticity, and episodic memory in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34675233/
2021: In neurons of the hypothalamus related to feeding, endocannabinoids are required for the proper control of energy homeostasis
Endogenous cannabinoids are required for MC4R-mediated control of energy homeostasis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34654741/
2021: In male rats, CBD treatment when they are teenagers leads to later changes in metabolism
Juvenile cannabidiol chronic treatments produce robust changes in metabolic markers in adult male Wistar rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34478689/
2021: In rats fed a high-fat diet, CBD reduced insulin resistance & decreased the tau protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease
Cannabidiol - A phytocannabinoid that widely affects sphingolipid metabolism under conditions of brain insulin resistance
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34435590/
2021: In rats, mothers being fed a high-fat diet altered the CB1 levels in the brains of their sons & led to depressive symptoms in early life
Maternal High-Fat Diet Modulates Cnr1 Gene Expression in Male Rat Offspring
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445045/
2021: In cells that produce cholecystokinin (CCK - a hormone that regulates the pancreas, gastric motility & appetite), the endocannabinoid 2-AG caused increased CCK secretion via the CB1 receptor
2-Arachidonoyl glycerol potently induces cholecystokinin secretion in murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells via cannabinoid receptor CB1
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34533218/
2021: In humans, a 1:1 THC:CBD capsule helped with the nausea & vomiting of chemotherapy: “83% of participants preferred cannabis to placebo”
Oral THC:CBD cannabis extract for refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase II crossover trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32801017/
2021: In humans with IBD, this survey finds that medical cannabis helped patients with their symptoms
Attitudes towards and use of cannabis in New Zealand patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an exploratory study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33651776/
2021: In humans with Crohn’s disease, CBD-rich cannabis extracts caused significant improvements to the quality of life - though no significant changes to inflammatory scores
Oral CBD-rich cannabis induces clinical but not endoscopic response in patients with Crohn's disease, a randomized controlled trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33858011/
2021: In intestinal cells, CBD was their most promising compound against inflammation & oxidative stress
Cannabidiol Isolated From Cannabis sativa L. Protects Intestinal Barrier From In Vitro Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33995048/
2021: In mice with inflamed colons, a combination of polydatin (a precursor of resveratrol) & ultra-micronized PEA decreased inflammation via several pathways
PEA/Polydatin: Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Approach to Counteract DNBS-Induced Colitis
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/3/464
2021: In mice with colitis, activating the CB2 receptor reduced the hypersensitivity of the gut tissue
Olorinab (APD371), a peripherally acting, highly selective, full agonist of the cannabinoid receptor 2, reduces colitis-induced acute and chronic visceral hypersensitivity in rodents
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33863856/
2020: In a Phase 2 study, the CB2 receptor agonist olorinab (a drug from Arena Pharmaceuticals) helped with the abdominal pain of Crohn's disease (14 patients)
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of Olorinab, a Peripherally Acting, Highly Selective, Full Agonist of the Cannabinoid Receptor 2, in a Phase 2a Study of Patients With Chronic Abdominal Pain Associated With Crohn’s Disease
https://academic.oup.com/crohnscolitis360/advance-article/doi/10.1093/crocol/otaa089/5937224
2020: This retrospective study found in IBS patients, cannabis users tended to have shorter hospital stays & less of them
Association Between Cannabis Use and Healthcare Utilization in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7279677/
2020: Survey finds patients using cannabis for their inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD)
Medicinal Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Survey of Perspectives, Experiences, and Current Use in Australian Patients
https://academic.oup.com/crohnscolitis360/article/2/2/otaa015/5821009
2020: In a double-blind human study, CBD & PEA (an endogenous cannabinoid) both helped reduce permeability in the colon & appear helpful for IBS
Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation-induced Hyperpermeability of the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo-A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Controlled Trial
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31054246
2020: CBD influences motility of the inflamed colon
Effects of O-1602 and CBD on TNBS-induced colonic disturbances
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31802588
2020: In arteries, CBD causes vasodilation in arteries of the lung and the bowel and this effect was reduced by high blood pressure and obesity
Vasodilatory effects of cannabidiol in human pulmonary and rat small mesenteric arteries: modification by hypertension and the potential pharmacological opportunities
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31800399
2020: In a double-blind human study, CBD & PEA (an endogenous cannabinoid) both helped reduce permeability in the colon & appear helpful for IBS
Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation-induced Hyperpermeability of the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo-A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Controlled Trial
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31054246
2020: In humans, a THC:CBD extract helped with chemotherapy-induced nausea & vomiting – though with additional side effects (80 participants in a phase II crossover trial)
Oral THC:CBD cannabis extract for refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase II crossover trial
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32801017/
2020: In rats & shrews, CBD, CBDA & the stable synthetic version of CBDA (HU-580) all helped for nausea and vomiting
Evaluation of repeated or acute treatment with cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) or CBDA methyl ester (HU-580) on nausea and/or vomiting in rats and shrews
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32488349/
2020: An AI analysis found that the use of cannabis slightly increased the risk of postoperative nausea
Cannabis use is associated with a small increase in the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a retrospective machine-learning causal analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32423445/
2020: In this survey, patients rated cannabis as one of the "most effective treatments for gastrointestinal nausea"
Marijuana, Ondansetron, and Promethazine Are Perceived as Most Effective Treatments for Gastrointestinal Nausea
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32185665
2020: In rats, research to find the best combinations of THC & CBD or THCA & CBDA to fight nausea
Effect of combined doses of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid on acute nausea in male Sprague-Dawley rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31897571/
2019: CB1 activation found helpful for nausea - pathways identified
Δ9-THC and related cannabinoids suppress substance P- induced neurokinin NK1-receptor-mediated vomiting via activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31738934
2019: A case study of treating the anxiety of a Crohn’s patient with CBD
A Case Report of Cannabidiol Treatment of a Crohn's Disease Patient With Anxiety Disorder
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31834086/
2019: CB2 activation seems helpful for intestinal failures
The curative effect of cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist on functional failure and disruptive inflammation caused by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31373049/
2019: Long-term cannabis use associated with improvements in IBD
Medical cannabis for inflammatory bowel disease: real-life experience of mode of consumption and assessment of side-effects
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31567639
2019: Cannabidivarin (CBDV) may be useful for the treatment of ulcerative colitis
The non-euphoric phytocannabinoid cannabidivarin counteracts intestinal inflammation in mice and cytokine expression in biopsies from UC pediatric patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31553934
2019: Cannabis use associated with fewer complications in colitis patients (~600 in a propensity matched retrospective cohort study)
Association between cannabis use and complications related to ulcerative colitis in hospitalized patients: A propensity matched retrospective cohort study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31393356/
2019: In humans with IBS, the immune cells of the colon had increased expression of MOR, β-END, and CB2 (31 IBS patients)
µ-opioid receptor, β-endorphin, and cannabinoid receptor-2 are increased in the colonic mucosa of irritable bowel syndrome patients
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31336406/
2019: In humans, cannabis use reduced cancer risk in patients with Crohn’s disease – but increased other negatives (~7500 patients in a propensity-matched sample)
In-hospital outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease in cannabis users: a nationwide propensity-matched analysis in the United States
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31355219
2019: In humans with schizophrenia, cannabis protected against gut disorders
Cannabis use disorders may protect against certain disorders of the digestive organs in people with schizophrenia but not in healthy controls
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30880659
2019: In humans with Chron's disease, users of cannabis less likely to have serious side effects
Association Between Cannabis Use and Complications Related to Crohn's Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30825109
2019: A survey of young patients with IBD found cannabis extracts helpful
Cannabis Oil Use by Adolescents and Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30801394/
2019: In humans with IBD & colon cancer, many changes in ECS levels
Members of the endocannabinoid system are distinctly regulated in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30787385
2019: In rats with IBS, CB2 activation by AM1241 helped
Activation of cannabinoid 2 receptor relieves colonic hypermotility in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30793435/
2019: In a human double-blind study, both CBD & PEA reduced inflammation & reducing permeability in the human colon
Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation-induced Hyperpermeability of the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo—A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Controlled Trial
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31054246
2019: CB2 agonist helps with IBD
Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist promotes parameters implicated in mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2050640619889773
2019: CB2 agonists developed for use against ulcerative colitis
Benzofuran and pyrrole derivatives as cannabinoid receptor modulators with in vivo efficacy against ulcerative colitis
https://www.future-science.com/doi/abs/10.4155/fmc-2019-0172
2017: In a human colon, CBD & PEA help with inflammation
Cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide are anti-inflammatory in the acutely inflamed human colon
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28954820
2017: A small study of CBD for Crohn’s found no benefit – but they used a very low amount of CBD
Low-Dose Cannabidiol Is Safe but Not Effective in the Treatment for Crohn's Disease, a Randomized Controlled Trial.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28349233
2017: A study looking at mechanisms of how THCA helps with IBDs
Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Colon Models Is Derived from Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid That Interacts with Additional Compounds in Cannabis Extracts
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29082314
2016: In a mouse model of colitis, CBD extract decreased damage & reduced intestinal hypermotility better than isolated CBD
An Orally Active Cannabis Extract with High Content in Cannabidiol attenuates Chemically-induced Intestinal Inflammation and Hypermotility in the Mouse
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27757083/
2016: The endocannabinoids OEA & PEA found to modulate intestinal permeability using the TRPV1 channel and the PPARα nuclear receptor
Oleoylethanolamine and palmitoylethanolamine modulate intestinal permeability in vitro via TRPV1 and PPARα.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27623929
2015: In rats with nausea, inhibiting FAAH helped with acute & anticipatory nausea by different pathways
Interference with acute nausea and anticipatory nausea in rats by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition through a PPARα and CB1 receptor mechanism, respectively: a double dissociation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26297326/
2014: In rats, the ECS is suppressed by motion sickness & dexamethasone restores its levels
Dexamethasone alleviates motion sickness in rats in part by enhancing the endocannabinoid system
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24508383
2014: In a model of a human colon, CBD & AEA reduced IL-17A which is linked to inflammatory bowel disease
Interleukin 17A evoked mucosal damage is attenuated by cannabidiol and anandamide in a human colonic explant model
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238999
2014: This team found that CBD, AEA, and the synthetic cannabinoid ACEA all help regulate autophagy. Intriguingly, AEA & ACEA both work via the CB1 receptor pathway – but CBD appears to increase autophagy via another unknown pathway
Cannabinoid-induced autophagy regulates suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in intestinal epithelium.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833710
2014: Canadian survey shows cannabis helps IBD but worsens prognosis for Crohn’s
Cannabis use provides symptom relief in patients with inflammatory bowel disease but is associated with worse disease prognosis in patients with Crohn's disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24407485
2014: A synthetic inhibitor of FAAH reduces colitis in mouse model – strongly suggests it as a therapeutic target
Experimental colitis in mice is attenuated by changes in the levels of endocannabinoid metabolites induced by selective inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24530133
2014: The endocannabinoid PEA helps intestinal motility via CB1 receptors & TRPV channels
Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide normalizes intestinal motility in a murine model of post-inflammatory accelerated transit: involvement of CB1 receptors and TRPV1.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24818658
2014: The endocannabinoid PEA works orally for colitis in mouse
Palmitoylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid, is an orally effective intestinal anti-inflammatory agent.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25205418
2014: First proofs that the CB receptors are responsible for the protection & therapeutic action of cannabinoids in mouse models of colitis
Cannabinoids alleviate experimentally induced intestinal inflammation by acting at central and peripheral receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25275313
2013: In rats, CBDA was 1000 times more potent than CBD in reducing acute nausea
Effect of low doses of cannabidiolic acid and ondansetron on LiCl-induced conditioned gaping (a model of nausea-induced behaviour) in rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23488964
2013: In rats, oral cannabis extract helped with colitis
Pro-resolution, protective and anti-nociceptive effects of a cannabis extract in the rat gastrointestinal tract
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23756391/
2013: CBG for IBD
Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23415610
2013: A study for Crohn’s saw significant clinical benefits in 8 weeks – but not complete remission
Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn's disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23648372
2013: A survey of patients using cannabis for IBS
Marijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24185313
2013: Hergenrather on Crohn’s & IBD considerations
Hergenrather presents study of Crohn’s patients as a template for clinical research on Cannabis
https://www.beyondthc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Hergenrather-CME.pdf
2013: In a tissue culture, an inflammation factor in IBD was attenuated by CBD & AEA
Interleukin 17A evoked mucosal damage is attenuated by cannabidiol and anandamide in a human colonic explant model.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238999
2013: The levels of endocannabinoids in the plasma of patients corresponded to their pain levels
Endocannabinoid and cannabinoid-like fatty acid amide levels correlate with pain-related symptoms in patients with IBS-D and IBS-C: a pilot study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386448
2012: A small pilot study finds inhaled cannabis helps improve quality of life in IBD patients
Impact of cannabis treatment on the quality of life, weight and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a pilot prospective study.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095142
2012: CBD found helpful for colitis in mice using several ingestion methods
Topical and systemic cannabidiol improves trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22414698
2012: “Phytocannabinoids have therapeutic potential for reversing the disordered intestinal permeability associated with inflammation”
Cannabinoids mediate opposing effects on inflammation-induced intestinal permeability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21745190
2012: Research on CB1 in the gut’s inflammation and permeability – found that AEA, 2AG, & CB1 activation play key modulatory roles in a healthy gut response
The role of CB1 in intestinal permeability and inflammation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28404744
2012: CBD lessens vomiting via serotonin 5HT1A
Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic component of cannabis, attenuates vomiting and nausea-like behaviour via indirect agonism of 5-HT(1A) somatodendritic autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21827451
2011: CBG and CBD may oppose their effects at the serotonin 5HT1A
Interaction between non-psychotropic cannabinoids in marihuana: effect of cannabigerol (CBG) on the anti-nausea or anti-emetic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in rats and shrews
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21243485
2011: this observational study is the first look at cannabis for Crohn’s in humans & sees a positive effect
Treatment of Crohn's disease with cannabis: an observational study.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21910367
2011: This survey found many IBD patients using cannabis for symptom relief
Cannabis use amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795981
2011: CBD found helpful for gut inflammation via neuroimmune system
Cannabidiol reduces intestinal inflammation through the control of neuroimmune axis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22163000
2010: Both THC & CBD found helpful for gut motility, inflammation & damage in colitis mouse model
The effects of Delta-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination on damage, inflammation and in vitro motility disturbances in rat colitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20590574
2010: A different version of the CB1 receptor can change your likelihood of getting colitis & Crohn’s
The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CNR1) 1359 G/A polymorphism modulates susceptibility to ulcerative colitis and the phenotype in Crohn's disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20195480
2009: The genetic variant of your FAAH enzyme can lead to worse outcomes in IBD/Crohn’s
The role of fatty acid hydrolase gene variants in inflammatory bowel disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053981
2009: CBD is protective in mice with colitis
Cannabidiol, a safe and non-psychotropic ingredient of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa, is protective in a murine model of colitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19690824
2008: In mice, targeting the ECS shows protection against colitis
Targeting endocannabinoid degradation protects against experimental colitis in mice: involvement of CB1 and CB2 receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18493729
2005: Hergenrather presents first survey of anecdotal evidence of cannabis for Crohn’s
Cannabis Alleviates Symptoms Of Crohn’s Disease
https://beyondthc.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/JYH-Crohns-2005.pdf
2005: A biopsy of Crohn’s patients found many cannabinoid receptors in the diseased tissue
Differential expression of cannabinoid receptors in the human colon: cannabinoids promote epithelial wound healing
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16083701
2004: In shrews, THC reduced lithium induced vomiting while CBD’s effects were biphasic
Effect of cannabinoids on lithium-induced vomiting in the Suncus murinus (house musk shrew)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13680081
2001: In rats, CBDA prevents vomiting via serotonin receptors
Cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in Suncus murinus and nausea-induced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-HT1A receptor activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121618