
Neuroprotection &
Oxidative
Stress
Best reviews
2022: A review looking at targeting the CB2 receptor for neurodegenerative diseases
New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Targeting of CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors in CNS Disorders
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35055161/
2022: In neuroinflammation, a review of the importance of the ECS & the microglia (often called the guardian cells of the brain)
The Dynamic Role of Microglia and the Endocannabinoid System in Neuroinflammation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35185547/
2022: On the role of cannabis in neurology
Neurology - to be or not to be of the cannabis-based medicine?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35233759/
2022: A review about treating central nervous system diseases by inhibiting the breakdown of endocannabinoids (nice chart)
Polypharmacological Approaches for CNS Diseases: Focus on Endocannabinoid Degradation Inhibition
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/3/471
2021: A review of the cannabinoids as anticancer drugs & neuroprotective agents
Cannabinoids as anticancer and neuroprotective drugs: Structural insights and pharmacological interactions—A review
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135951132100266X
2021: This review looks at how the endocannabinoid system helps to lower oxidative stress & how it works with our nitric oxide signaling system
Intertwined associations between oxidative and nitrosative stress and endocannabinoid system pathways: Relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34826557/
2021: This review looks at CBD as a new fixture in pediatric neurology
Cannabidiol - A new fixture in childhood neurology
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34808574/
2021: A review of how the cannabinoids lower inflammation in the brain
Cannabinoid control of neurogenic inflammation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33289534/
2021: A review of the CB2 receptors & the microglia (immune cells of the brain)
CB2 Receptor in Microglia: The Guardian of Self-Control
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/19
2020: A review of the neuroprotective effects of the molecules found in cannabis
Cannabis Phytochemicals: A Review of Phytocannabinoid Chemistry and Bioactivity as Neuroprotective Agents
https://www.publish.csiro.au/CH/CH20183
2020: A review of the minor cannabinoids & neuroprotection
A Systematic Review of Minor Phytocannabinoids with Promising Neuroprotective Potential
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32608035/
2020: The endocannabinoids & the microglia
Endocannabinoid Modulation of Microglial Phenotypes in Neuropathology
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32117037/
2020: This review looks at how cannabinoids lower inflammation in the brain
Cannabinoid Control of Neurogenic Inflammation
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bph.15208
2018: The ECS & the oligodendrocytes (large immune cells of the brain)
The Endocannabinoid System and Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30416422
2017: CBD & the astrocytes
Modulation of Astrocyte Activity by Cannabidiol, a Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoid.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28788104
2016: A review of CBD’s brain protection properties
Cannabidiol, neuroprotection and neuropsychiatric disorders
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26845349/
2016: great charts on how the microglial work with the cannabinoids
Microglia activation states and cannabinoid system: Therapeutic implications
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27373505
2016: A fascinating chart on the ECS & the glial cells
Endocannabinoids and Heterogeneity of Glial Cells in Brain Function
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27458351
2015: Maccarrone on the cannabinoids & neuroinflammation
Cannabinoid Signaling and Neuroinflammatory Diseases: A Melting pot for the Regulation of Brain Immune Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25601726
2008: A review of CB2 receptors in neuroinflammation
Cannabinoid CB2 receptors in human brain inflammation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219537/
2008:The mechanisms of the ECS for protecting neurons
Mechanisms of control of neuron survival by the endocannabinoid system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18781978
2002: Mechoulam on ECS neuroprotection
Discovery of endocannabinoids and some random thoughts on their possible roles in neuroprotection and aggression
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12052029/
Chart Gallery
2016: Cannabidiol, neuroprotection and neuropsychiatric disorders
2008: Mechanisms of control of neuron survival by the endocannabinoid system
2020: Endocannabinoid Modulation of Microglial Phenotypes in Neuropathology
2016: Cannabidiol, neuroprotection and neuropsychiatric disorders
Timeline of Research
2022: In obese mice, PEA lessened neuroinflammation as well as anxious behavior
Palmitoylethanolamide dampens neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in obese mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35176443/
2022: On treating neuroinflammation via targeting of the CB2 receptor
CB2 receptor activation inhibits the phagocytic function of microglia through activating ERK/AKT-Nurr1 signal pathways
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35132190/
2022: This look at the CB2 receptors of parrots finds that they help with neuroinflammation (as well as intriguing backstory on the evolution)
Revealing genomic changes responsible for cannabinoid receptor loss in parrots: mechanism and functional effects
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474805v1
2022: In a mouse model of traumatic brain injury, increasing the endocannabinoid signaling caused greater resilience to injury, lessened neuropathology & protected from cognitive declines
Enhancing endocannabinoid signalling in astrocytes promotes recovery from traumatic brain injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35136958/
2022: In a survey of military veterans with persistent symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injuries, the self-reported reasons for cannabis use include “neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disturbances, and pain for which standard treatments (both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic) provided insufficient relief”
Cannabis Use in a Cohort of Healthcare-Seeking United States Military Veterans With Persisting Symptoms After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Preliminary Observations
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35064271/
2021: In a tissue sample of spinal discs, activating the CB2 receptor relieved oxidative stress & the inflammatory response
CB2-mediated attenuation of nucleus pulposus degeneration via the amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34412587/
2021: In a rat model of traumatic brain injury, direct injection of CBD into the brain restored several measures of motor & cognitive function
Cannabidiol reduces lesion volume and restores vestibulomotor and cognitive function following moderately severe traumatic brain injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34428457/
2021: In a rat model of traumatic brain injury, direct injection of CBD into the brain restored several measures of motor & cognitive function
Cannabidiol reduces lesion volume and restores vestibulomotor and cognitive function following moderately severe traumatic brain injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34428457/
2021: In a tissue sample of spinal discs, activating the CB2 receptor relieved oxidative stress & the inflammatory response
CB2-mediated attenuation of nucleus pulposus degeneration via the amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34412587/
2021: The CB2 receptor is a key pathway to control homeostasis of our brain’s microglia (immune cells that respond to potential threats)
Cannabinoid receptor 2 is necessary to induce toll-like receptor-mediated microglial activation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34499767/
2021: In rat neurons insulted by kainic acid (a toxin), 2-AG caused neuroprotection via modulation of the sodium channels
Modulatory effect of 2-arachidonoylglycerol on voltage-gated sodium currents in rat caudate nucleus neurons with kainic acid-induced injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34549704/
2021: In a rat model of a traumatic brain injury, CBD improved the integrity of the blood-brain barrier & reduced edema (brain swelling from excess fluids)
Effects of cannabinoid (CBD) on blood brain barrier permeability after brain injury in rats
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34289379/
2021: In mice with no DAGL-β enzyme (which creates 2-AG), they had less neuroinflammation during traumatic brain injury & displayed gender differences
Diacylglycerol Lipase-β Knockout Mice Display a Sex-Dependent Attenuation of Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Mortality with No Impact on Memory or Other Functional Consequences
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142866/
2021: In baby rats with crushed spinal cords, CBD protected the neurons in the spine & reduced the reaction of the glial cells, probably via the CB1 receptor
Short and long-term neuroprotective effects of cannabidiol after neonatal peripheral nerve axotomy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34303725/
2021: In rats with spinal cord injuries, activating the CB2 receptor helped mitigate their osteoporosis
Delayed Systemic Treatment with Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist Mitigates Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Osteoporosis More Than Acute Treatment Directly after Injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34223557/
2021: In a patient with severe pain after a stroke, a 1:1 ratio of THC & CBD gave relief after 3 years of other therapies did not
Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol as an oromucosal spray in a 1:1 ratio: a therapeutic option for patients with central post-stroke pain syndrome?
https://casereports.bmj.com/content/14/7/e243072.abstract
2021: In an animal model of stroke, they already knew that PEA protects the blood-brain barrier & the brain itself. This study found that the effects weren’t only mediated by changes in genetic transcription (the PPARα receptor) but also by the regulation of the cell’s microfilaments
PEA prevented early BBB disruption after cerebral ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury through regulation of ROCK/MLC signaling
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006291X21009335
2021: In mouse brain cells, CBD helps protects them via the process of autophagy
Cannabidiol induces autophagy via ERK1/2 activation in neural cells
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33686185/
2021: In neurons of the hippocampus, CBD provided neuroprotection against oxidative stress
Neuroprotective Effect of Cannabidiol Against Hydrogen Peroxide in Hippocampal Neuron Culture
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33614951/
2021: In mice, the researchers looked at the pathways that CBD used to protect the brain & found that it involved CB1, CB2, a serotonin receptor & the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ
Differential contribution of CB1, CB2, 5-HT1A, and PPAR-γ receptors to cannabidiol effects on ischemia-induced emotional and cognitive impairments
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33522084/
2021: In mice exposed to chemical warfare nerve agents that induce seizures, CBD increased their survival rate & attenuated seizure severity
Cannabidiol reduces soman-induced lethality and seizure severity in female plasma carboxylesterase knockout mice treated with midazolam
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33290784/
2021: In rats, the terpene β-caryophyllene protects against dementia caused by neuroinflammation
Beta-caryophyllene, a CB2R selective agonist, protects against cognitive impairment caused by neuro-inflammation and not in dementia due to ageing induced by mitochondrial dysfunction
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33530917/
2021: In the brains of mice, having no CB1 receptors leads to the brain aging faster
Lack of Cannabinoid Receptor Type-1 Leads to Enhanced Age-Related Neuronal Loss in the Locus Coeruleus
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/5
2021: In the immune cells of a mouse's brain, the neurodegeneration caused by HIV was lessened by inhibition of the FAAH enzyme via GPR18
GPR18 drives FAAH inhibition-induced neuroprotection against HIV-1 Tat-induced neurodegeneration
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33736974/
2021: In neural stem cells, they express the machinery of the endocannabinoid system & adding cannabinoids like 2-AG increased their proliferation
Cannabinoid Receptor Modulation of Neurogenesis: ST14A Striatal Neural Progenitor Cells as a Simplified In Vitro Model
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/5/1448/htm
2021: In mice with a central nervous system injury, early treatment with a CB2 agonist protected the brain & improved the immune response
Effect of Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Modulation on the Peripheral Immune Response in Central Nervous System Injury-Induced Immunodeficiency Syndrome
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2020.0130
2021: In five cases of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, cannabis helped with disruptive behavior & the authors note that CBD shows a "marked and statistically significant improvement"
Use of Cannabis in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33614955/
2021: In a rat model of Fragile X Syndrome, the CB2 receptor is necessary for protection against neuropathic pain
Role of the endocannabinoid system in a mouse model of Fragile X undergoing neuropathic pain
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33619843/
2021: In microglial cells (the immune cells of the brain), the cannabinoid receptors help to regulate inflammation via genetic transcription
Cannabinoid receptors modulate LPS-induced increase of class-II transactivator expression levels in a microglial cell line
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10799893.2020.1868510?journalCode=irst20
2021: In rats, nanoformulations of anandamide were administered & seemed to protect both the brain & the heart
Central nervous system, peripheral and hemodynamic effects of nanoformulated anandamide in hypertension
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33388673/
2021: In neurons of the hippocampus, an inhibitor of MGL protects them from injury during ischemia via the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway
JZL184 protects hippocampal neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury via activating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33375871/
2021: In astrocytes (a type of immune cell in the brain), a synthetic cannabinoid inhibited inflammation
The Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist, WIN, Suppresses the Activation of Proinflammatory Genes Induced by Interleukin 1 Beta in Human Astrocytes
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/can.2020.0128
2021: In a neuronal model of neurodegeneration, three cannabinoids isolated from seized cannabis in Thailand were found to be neuroprotective
Neuroprotective activities of three cannabinoids separated from confiscated cannabis in Thailand
https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/tmj/article/view/248273
2020: In rats, CBD helps to protect the brain during injury by increasing apoptosis (programmed cellular suicide) via the PI3K/AKT pathway
Cannabidiol alleviates hemorrhagic shock-induced neural apoptosis in rats by inducing autophagy through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32215966
2020: In microglial cells, CBD potently inhibited proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and that of glutamate, a noncytokine mediator of inflammation via NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production and NF-κB-dependent signaling events – also found that the ability of CBD to prevent glucose uptake also contributes to the anti-inflammatory effect
Cannabidiol prevents LPS-induced microglial inflammation by inhibiting ROS/NF-κB-dependent signaling and glucose consumption
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31647138
2020: In a cell culture of hippocampus neurons, CBD protected against the insult of hydrogen peroxide
Neuroprotective Effect of Cannabidiol Against Hydrogen Peroxide in Hippocampal Neuron Culture
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/can.2019.0102
2020: In neuron tissue, CBD protects the cells against stress via the heme oxygenase (HO) system (the enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme in your blood)
Cannabidiol Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in Mesencephalic Cultures against the Complex I Inhibitor Rotenone Via Modulation of Heme Oxygenase Activity and Bilirubin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32033040
2020: In mice, activating their CB receptors protected both their retinas & their brains
Effect of acute and subchronic administration of (R)-WIN55,212-2 induced neuroprotection and anti inflammatory actions in rat retina: CB1 and CB2 receptor involvement
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197018620302989
2020: In diabetic rats, activating the CB2 receptor protected the brain via increased blood flow
A cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonist augments NOS-dependent responses of cerebral arterioles during type 1 diabetes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32979391/
2020: In mouse brain cells, this study examined how CBD, CBG & their acid forms protected the neurons
A Comparative In Vitro Study of the Neuroprotective Effect Induced by Cannabidiol, Cannabigerol, and Their Respective Acid Forms: Relevance of the 5-HT 1A Receptors
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32886342/
2020: In mice, their astroglia (immune cells in the brain) have their energy levels regulated by CB1 receptors on their mitochondria
Glucose metabolism links astroglial mitochondria to cannabinoid effects
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2470-y
2020: In mouse neurons, the protective molecule orexin-A seems to prevent cell death via 2-AG & the CB1 receptor
Role of 2-Arachidonoyl-Glycerol and CB1 Receptors in Orexin-A-Mediated Prevention of Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Neuronal Injury
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32575773/
2020: In brain cells of rats experiencing neurotoxicity, both CBD & CBG rescued serotonin levels & acted as antioxidants – but only CBD helped to repair the release of neurotransmitters
Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat CTX-TNA2 Astrocytes and Isolated Cortexes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443623/
2020: In neuronal tissue, the Tat protein of HIV is thought to be a major cause of the disease's neurocognitive disorders & the Tat protein cause CB1 receptors to not work as well on the presynaptic junctions where they usually cause neuroprotection
HIV Tat Protein Selectively Impairs CB 1 Receptor-Mediated Presynaptic Inhibition at Excitatory but Not Inhibitory Synapses
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32471847/
2020: In mice, a new mechanism found for how the CB2 receptor calms the brain's Purkinje cells via the inhibition of GABA-A
Cannabinoid type 2 receptors inhibit GABAA receptor-mediated currents in cerebellar Purkinje cells of juvenile mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7241750/
2020: In mice, CB1 agonist helps to repair myelin after a brain insult
Dose-dependent effect of cannabinoid WIN-55,212-2 on myelin repair following a demyelinating insult
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-57290-1
2020: In rat brains, CBD & CBG protected and modulated the neurons
Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat Hypo-E22 cells and Isolated Hypothalamus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31941059
2020: In mice, activating the CB2 receptor helped with pain via the microglia (the brain's immune cells)
Low-dose cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist induces microglial activation in a cancer pain-morphine tolerance rat model
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33131746/
2020: In humans, the difference between how sensitive we are to the psychoactive effects of THC is linked to how it affects our cortisol levels & the function of our glial cells (brain's immune cells) (16 participants)
Differential sensitivity to the acute psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol associated with its differential acute effects on glial function and cortisol
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33107418/
2020: In cells, micronized PEA (FM-LipoMatrix®) combined with lipoic acid & vitamin D3 caused better absorption & reduced neuroinflammation
A New Palmitoylethanolamide Form Combined with Antioxidant Molecules to Improve Its Effectivess on Neuronal Aging
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7408069/
2019: In dopamine neurons, CBD protects against cadmium poisoning
Cannabidiol Protects Dopaminergic Neuronal Cells from Cadmium
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31718076
2019: In diabetic rats, CBD protects from neurodegeneration & improved many metabolic measures
Cannabidiol improves metabolic dysfunction in middle-aged diabetic rats submitted to a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31499052/
2019: In middle-aged diabetic rats, CBD treatment protected the brain from the declines of diabetes & reduced several inflammation markers in the hippocampus
Effects of Cannabidiol on Diabetes Outcomes and Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Comorbidities in Middle-Aged Rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30430393
2019: In people living with HIV, marijuana users tend to have lower cognitive impairment - perhaps because of anti-inflammatory effects
Cannabis Exposure is Associated With a Lower Likelihood of Neurocognitive Impairment in People Living With HIV
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809361/
2019: In neuronal cells, CBD + CBG lowered inflammation & increased survival via PPARγ
Could the Combination of Two Non-Psychotropic Cannabinoids Counteract Neuroinflammation? Effectiveness of Cannabidiol Associated with Cannabigerol
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31752240
2019: In cell cultures, CBD blocks inflammation of the brain's immune cells
Cannabidiol prevents LPS-induced microglial inflammation by inhibiting ROS/NF-κB-dependent signaling and glucose consumption
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31647138/
2019: In human brain cells, THC lowered neuroinflammation by slowing monocyte activation
Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Suppresses Monocyte-Mediated Astrocyte Production of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 and Interleukin-6 in a Toll-Like Receptor 7-Stimulated Human Coculture
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31383729/
2019: In microglial cells, CBD had a greater effect than THC on changing levels of miRNAs controlling immune response, cell cycle regulation & cellular stress
miRNA expression profiles and molecular networks in resting and LPS-activated BV-2 microglia-Effect of cannabinoids
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30742662
2019: In mice, PET study finds CB2 upregulated in neuroinflammation
Upregulation of cannabinoid receptor type 2, but not TSPO, in senescence-accelerated neuroinflammation in mice: a positron emission tomography study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31707986/
2019: In humans, cannabis use in adolescence may impair the function of glial cells in the brain
Adolescent-onset heavy cannabis use associated with significantly reduced glial but not neuronal markers and glutamate levels in the hippocampus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31478302
2019: In mice, an antagonist at the adenosine A2A receptor may enhance neuroprotective effects of endocannabinoids
Potentiation of cannabinoid signaling in microglia by adenosine A2A receptor antagonists
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31429130
2019: In a tissue culture, Cannflavin A shows neuroprotective effects against neurotoxicity
Novel cannabis flavonoid, cannflavin A displays both a hormetic and neuroprotective profile against amyloid β-mediated neurotoxicity in PC12 cells: comparison with geranylated flavonoids, mimulone and diplacone
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31437460/
2018: In rats overexposed to iron, CBD protected the brain from apoptosis & negative effects
Antiapoptotic effects of cannabidiol in an experimental model of cognitive decline induced by brain iron overload
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30177808
2018: In neurons, CBD protected against neuroinflammation & oxidative stress
In Vitro Model of Neuroinflammation: Efficacy of Cannabigerol, a Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29986533/
2017: CBD as a tool to improve stem cells taken from the mouth into neuronal stem cells
Cannabidiol Activates Neuronal Precursor Genes in Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27918106
2017: In neuronal cells, THCA as a PPARγ agonist that protects the brain
Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid is a potent PPARγ agonist with neuroprotective activity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28853159
2016: In microglial cells & T cells, a CBD derivative shows similar anti-inflammatory properties
Anti-inflammatory effects of the cannabidiol derivative dimethylheptyl-cannabidiol - studies in BV-2 microglia and encephalitogenic T cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26540221
2015: In microglial cells, activation can be lowered via the CB2 receptor
Activation of murine microglial N9 cells is attenuated through cannabinoid receptor CB2 signaling
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25637536
2015: In microglial cells, the endocannabinoids seem to be critical for their regulation & activation
Endocannabinoids drive the acquisition of an alternative phenotype in microglia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26086345
2015: In microglial cells, CBD’s reduction of glial activity could help explain antipsychotic properties
Decreased glial reactivity could be involved in the antipsychotic-like effect of cannabidiol
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25680767
2015: In neurons, CBD did not protect against neurotoxins & seemed to sensitize immature cells to them
Cannabidiol Exposure During Neuronal Differentiation Sensitizes Cells Against Redox-Active Neurotoxins
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25108670
2014: In rats overexposed to iron, CBD helped normalize levels & mitochondrial function
Cannabidiol normalizes caspase 3, synaptophysin, and mitochondrial fission protein DNM1L expression levels in rats with brain iron overload: implications for neuroprotection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893294
2014: In stressed mice, the importance of neurogenesis & autophagy via CB1 receptor activation for neuroprotection
Behavioural effects of cannabidiol in chronically stressed mice is mediated by neurogenesis and autophagy through CB1 receptor activation
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924977X14709721
2014: In a cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease, CBD increased neuronal survival by reducing apoptosis & decreasing amyloid precursor protein levels via PPARγ receptor
Cannabidiol promotes amyloid precursor protein ubiquitination and reduction of beta amyloid expression in SHSY5YAPP+ cells through PPARγ involvement
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288245
2014: In microglia, CBD enhances phagocytosis (bacteria ingestion) via TRPV1
Cannabidiol enhances microglial phagocytosis via transient receptor potential (TRP) channel activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24641282
2012: In microglial cells, CBD upregulates many more genes (1298) than THC (58) related to oxidative stress and inflammation
Differential transcriptional profiles mediated by exposure to the cannabinoids cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in BV-2 microglial cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542829
2012: In microglial cells, CBD affects the genes involved with zinc homeostasis & might exert some of its antioxidant & anti-inflammatory effects via this pathway
Cannabidiol affects the expression of genes involved in zinc homeostasis in BV-2 microglial cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178458
2012: In microglial cells, CBD induces apoptosis via lipid rafts
Cannabidiol-induced apoptosis in murine microglial cells through lipid raft
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535572
2012: The mechanisms of how CBD protects the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) which can differentiate into myelinating cells to reduce cell death & free radical production
Cannabidiol protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from inflammation-induced apoptosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22739983/
2012: In mice, altering the DAGL enzymes helped to regulate proinflammatory responses in macrophages
DAGLβ inhibition perturbs a lipid network involved in macrophage inflammatory responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23103940
2012: In a rat model of meningitis, CBD treatment lessens damage by reducing TNF-α levels in frontal cortex
Cannabidiol reduces host immune response and prevents cognitive impairments in Wistar rats submitted to pneumococcal meningitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23085269
2011: In a mouse model of sepsis-related encephalitis (brain swelling), CBD works by raising BDNF levels, lowering type-1 TNFα receptor levels & preserving the blood-brain barrier
Cannabidiol reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular changes and inflammation in the mouse brain: An intravital microscopy study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034694/
2011: In amphetamine-induced oxidative stress (mania) model in rats, CBD increased BDNF levels & protected against oxidative damage
Effects of cannabidiol on amphetamine-induced oxidative stress generation in an animal model of mania
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19939866
2011: In a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease, CBD’s ability to reduce damage from reactive oxygen species may be mediated by the PPARγ nuclear receptor
Cannabidiol reduces Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and promotes hippocampal neurogenesis through PPARγ involvement
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22163051/
2011: In microglial cells, CBD affects the metabolism of cholesterol & lipid-gene expression
The non-psychoactive plant cannabinoid, cannabidiol affects cholesterol metabolism-related genes in microglial cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21533611
2010: In insulted microglial cells, both CBD & THC reduced production & release of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 & interferon (IFN)beta
Cannabinoids Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol differentially inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-activated NF-kappaB and interferon-beta/STAT proinflammatory pathways in BV-2 microglial cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910459
2010: In a cell culture, a look at the mechanisms of how THC & CBD reduce inflammation in brain cells
Cannabinoids Δ-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Differentially Inhibit the Lipopolysaccharide-activated NF-κB and Interferon-β/STAT Proinflammatory Pathways in BV-2 Microglial Cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910459
2009: In microglial cells, the neuroprotection mechanisms of 2AG
2-Arachidonoylglycerol elicits neuroprotective effects on excitotoxically lesioned dentate gyrus granule cells via abnormal-cannabidiol-sensitive receptors on microglial cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837048
2009: In brain cells, CB2 activation protects via the PI3K/Akt pathway
Selective CB2 receptor agonism protects central neurons from remote axotomy-induced apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19357281
2007: In a rat model of Huntington’s disease, CBD reduced brain atrophy & increased superoxide dismutase (antioxidant) machinery
Cannabidiol reduced the striatal atrophy caused 3-nitropropionic acid in vivo by mechanisms independent of the activation of cannabinoid, vanilloid TRPV1 and adenosine A2A receptors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17672854/
2007: In a model of Parkinson’s disease, a test of an array of cannabinoids found their help was independent of CB1 & CB2 receptors – but CB2 activation may also be helpful – upregulated the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase antioxidant machinery
Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: importance of antioxidant and cannabinoid receptor-independent properties
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17196181/
2006: In neurons, CBD prevented beta-amyloid induced neuronal death via its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species & a reduction of the neurotoxic effects of an uncontrolled immune response
Cannabidiol inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression and nitric oxide production in beta-amyloid stimulated PC12 neurons through p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB involvement
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16490313
2006: In a rat model of diabetes, CBD reduced the levels of tyrosine nitration & malondialdehyde (MDA - a measure of lipid peroxidation) as well as decreased neural cell death
Neuroprotective and blood-retinal barrier-preserving effects of cannabidiol in experimental diabetes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400026
2006: In human spinal cords, the glial cells activated in MS & ALS show more COX2, P2X7 & CB2 receptors
COX-2, CB2 and P2X7-immunoreactivities are increased in activated microglial cells/macrophages of multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16512913/
2006: In glioma cancer cells, CBD induced ER stress and the production of free radicals to cause the cells to divide less
The non-psychoactive cannabidiol triggers caspase activation and oxidative stress in human glioma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16909207
2005: In a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, the CB2 receptors are upregulated as the microglia are activated
Modulation of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in microglial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16086683
2005: In brain cell cultures, cannabinoids protect by blocking microglial activation in senile plaques
Prevention of Alzheimer's disease pathology by cannabinoids: neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglial activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728830/
2004: In a cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease, pretreatment with CBD reduced reactive oxygen species (free radicals) & other protective effects
Neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component from Cannabis sativa, on beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in PC12 cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15030397
2004: In rats, the neurotoxic aspect of AEA is mediated by TRPV1
The "dark side" of endocannabinoids: a neurotoxic role for anandamide
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15129189
2003: In retinal cells, CBD & THC caused less tyrosine nitration (an indirect measure of free radical formation) & protected them via attenuation of peroxynitrite formation
Neuroprotective effect of (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced retinal neurotoxicity: involvement of peroxynitrite
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14578199
2003: In mice, PEA potentiates the ability of AEA to induce microglia migration – not mediated by CB1 or CB2
Palmitoylethanolamide increases after focal cerebral ischemia and potentiates microglial cell motility
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12944505
2003: In microglial cells, cannabinoid receptors regulate their movement during neuroinflammation
Nonpsychotropic cannabinoid receptors regulate microglial cell migration’
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12598628
2002: in brain immune stem cells, cannabinoids help promote survival
Cannabinoids promote oligodendrocyte progenitor survival: involvement of cannabinoid receptors and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt signaling
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12427829
2002: In cells, CB1 seems to not be involved with the antioxidative effects of cannabinoids
Neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids against oxidative stress: role of the cannabinoid receptor CB1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11905991
1998: early work on antioxidant properties of the cannabinoids – CBD found more effective than ascorbate or alpha-tocopherol
Cannabidiol and (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9653176/